1. Earthquake Hazards pg. 222

2. Earthquake An earthquake is the motion or trembling of the ground produced by sudden displacement of rock in the Earth's crust. Earthquakes result from crustal strain, volcanism, landslides, and collapse of caverns.

3. Earthquake Hazards and Damage (pg. 222) Amplification Aftershocks Fire Tsunamis, Sieches, Flooding Landslides, landshift, avalanche Liquefaction

4. Structural Failure What are 4 factors that would determine the amount of structural damage? https://www.youtube.com/watc h?v=nO9wc1bkM5I Mythbusters concrete(3 min)

5. Landshift Imperial Valley, California, Earthquake October 15, 1979 Magnitude 6.5 Photo Credit: University of Colorado

6. Landshift Government Hill School, March 27, 1964 Anchorage, Alaska Magnitude 9.2 Photo Credit: NOAA/NGDC

7. Resulting fires Great Alaska Earthquake March 28, 1964 Valdez, Alaska Magnitude 8.4 Photo Credit: EERI, Slides on Learning from Earthquakes, Set IV

8. Earthquakes can trigger Landslides El Salvador January 13, 2001 Magnitude 7.6 Photo Credit: USGS

9. Landslide Puget Sound, Washington May 2, 1996 Magnitude 5.3 Photo Credit: USGS

10. Landslide Seattle, Washington April 29, 1965 Magnitude 6.5 Photo Credit: University of California, Berkeley

11. Avalanche Himalayan avalanche 2015 imalayan avalanche 2015  Snow moves off mountain tops and buries everything below

12. Land slides (breaks) apart Alaska Earthquake March 27, 1964 Magnitude 9.2 Photo Credit: U.S. Geological Survey, Menlo Park, CA

13. Amplification: Increase in ground motion shaking due to loose, unconsolidated sediments (sand, gravel, silt). 1980 Mexico City earthquake http://www.tasaclips.com/animations/amplification_of_seismic_waves.html

14. Seismic activity

15. U.S. Earthquake zones

18. Liquefaction : saturated/solid material liquefies as an effect from the vibrations of an earthquake Niigata, Japan June 16, 1964 Magnitude 7.4 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=536xSZ_XkSs http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tvYKcCS_J7Y

19. Tsunami https://www.youtube.com/wat ch?v=Lo5uH1UJF4A&list=PL3B DBAAAA7D4EB2DA&index=29 http://video.nationalgeographic.com/ video/101-videos/tsunami-101

20. Resulting tsunami Sumatra, Indonesia Earthquake December 26, 2004 Magnitude 9.0

21. Human impact Personal messages posted on van at Emergency Center. Loma Prieta earthquake, 1989 Photo credit: C.E. Meyer, U.S. Geological Survey

22. Structural Failure What are 4 factors that would determine the amount of structural damage? https://www.youtube.com/watc h?v=nO9wc1bkM5I Mythbusters concrete(3 min)

23. Structural failure Northridge, California Earthquake January 17, 1994 Magnitude 6.7 Apartment building with a “soft” first story: parking under the building with weak support.

24. Structural failure Izmit, Turkey August 17, 1999 Magnitude 7.4 Photo Credit: National Geophysical Data Center

25. Structural failure San Francisco, CA, October 18, 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake Magnitude 6.9 Concrete and brick structures still standing while wooden structures are destroyed

26. Structural failure Loma Prieta earthquake, October 17, 1989 Oakland, California Magnitude: 6.9 Photo Credit: H.G. Wilshire, U.S. Geological Survey

27. Identify 3 structural features in the John Hancock building

28. Reinforced concrete Santa Monica Freeway Northridge earthquake, January 17, 1994 Magnitude 6.7 Carbon fiber wrapping on columns

29. Base Isolation

31. Shear wall A stiff vertical shear wall in each direction, to carry the loads to the ground, and the stiff horizontal diaphragm, to transfer the earthquake forces at this level to the appropriate wall – form the basis of an effective earthquake-resistant structural system.

32. Taipei 101 Worlds 2 nd Tallest building sits 600 m from an earthquake fault. A 730 ton stabilizing ball reduces swaying by 40% Mass stabilizing ball

33. Where do most of the world’s earthquakes occur? How does the economy and standard of living in the countries affect the type of structures and materials available and potential damage/survival?

34. How would structures need to be built to withstand P-waves, S-waves and Surface waves?

35. Shake Table  You will have to draw a card to determine economic prowess and resource availability 3 rd world resources 1 st world resources Earthquake/structural engineers with full access to needed resources and finances

36. Shake Table  You will be provided certain resources (some are listed below) based on your economic station chosen: Thin spaghetti (brick/wood) Mini marshmallows Straws Cardstock/Perforated thick paper/Computer paper Masking Tape Paperclips

37. Shake Table 1 st World resources: (MIDDLE CLASS) Straws (4) Spaghetti (20) Mini marshmallows (40) Cardstock (1)/ Perforated paper (1)/Computer Paper (1) Masking Tape (1.0 meter) Small paperclips (5) FOUNDATION: 1/4 of a legal size manila folder 3 rd world Resources: 3 pieces computer paper Spaghetti (10) Mini marshmallows (20) Masking Tape (.5 meter) FOUNDATION: perforated paper

38. Shake Table  Earthquake/structural engineers  Full access to the same resources as 1 st world (with some additions below; if more supplies are needed please ask and justify your reasoning): Straws Spaghetti Coffee stirrers (10) Marshmallows Cardstock/Paper types Masking Tape (1.5 meter) Large paperclips (10) FOUNDATION: foam board

39. Shake Table  You will have to make a building: At least 2 stories (1 story for 3 rd world) with a roof (and a ceiling/2 nd floor foundation for the 2 story buildings) and walls At least 30 cm tall (15 cm for 3 rd world) Min. 1 window and 1 door With a foundation as determined by your economic station  It will have to survive: 10 seconds of simulated P-waves 10 seconds of simulated S-waves 10 seconds of simulated surface waves

40. Names: ______________________________________________________ Date: ____________ Per: ______ Earthquake Structure/Shake Table Demo 1. What is the best feature of your model that enabled it to withstand an earthquake? 2. What is the one feature you would change about your model to help it withstand an earthquake? (economic station cannot be changed) 3. How did you design your building to withstand the three different types of seismic waves? 4. In your model, what do each of the materials represent in a real building? What type on engineering ingenuity did you use? 5. On the back side of this paper-diagram the construction of your structure.

41.  http://www.discovery.com/tv- shows/mythbusters/videos/shake- quake/ (full episode) http://www.discovery.com/tv- shows/mythbusters/videos/shake- quake/  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v= nO9wc1bkM5I Mythbusters (3 min.) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v= nO9wc1bkM5I