1. For use with Campbell Essential Biology, 5th Edition, and Campbell Essential Biology with Physiology, 4th Edition By Eric J. Simon, Jean L. Dickey, and Jane B. Reece © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Questions by Michael L. Womack, Macon State College; updated by James M. Newcomb, New England College, and Tom Kennedy, Central New Mexico Community College Exam #1 – Genomes, Evolution, and Speciation Adaptive Evolution Non-adaptive Evolution Case Studies $200 $100 $300 $400 $500 $100 $200 $300 $400 $500 $100 $200 $300 $400 $500 $100 $200 $300 $400 $500 $100 $200 $300 $400 $500 Potpourri $100 $200 $300 $400 $500 Genomes Speciation FINAL ROUND

2. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Which of the following can be considered a genome? A) DNA from a bacteria B) RNA from a virus C) Amino acids from a plant D) A and B E) A, B, and C Genomes: $100 Question ANSWER BACK TO GAME

3. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Genomes: $100 Answer BACK TO GAME Which of the following can be considered a genome? A) DNA from a bacteria B) RNA from a virus C) Amino acids from a plant D) A and B E) A, B, and C

4. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. A small infectious agent that contains a nucleic acid genome packaged inside a protein coat is called a: A) Bacteria B) Virus C) tRNA D) Archaea E) Plasmodium Genomes: $200 Question ANSWER BACK TO GAME

5. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Genomes: $200 Answer BACK TO GAME A small infectious agent that contains a nucleic acid genome packaged inside a protein coat is called a: A) Bacteria B) Virus C) tRNA D) Archaea E) Plasmodium

6. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Only 2.5% of the human genome actually codes for proteins. The other 97.5% includes: A)noncoding RNA. B)introns. C)repetitive DNA. D) A and B E) A, B, and C Genomes: $300 Question ANSWER BACK TO GAME

7. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Genomes: $300 Answer BACK TO GAME Only 2.5% of the human genome actually codes for proteins. The other 97.5% includes: A)noncoding RNA. B)introns. C)repetitive DNA. D) A and B E) A, B, and C

8. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. The C-value paradox is the: A) disconnect between genome size and organismal complexity. B) disconnect between genome size and gene ratio. C) disconnect between genome size within the same species. D) disconnect between genome size and gene size. E) disconnect between genome size and protein ratio. Genomes: $400 Question ANSWER BACK TO GAME

9. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Genomes: $400 Answer BACK TO GAME The C-value paradox is the: A) disconnect between genome size and organismal complexity. B) disconnect between genome size and gene ratio. C) disconnect between genome size within the same species. D) disconnect between genome size and gene size. E) disconnect between genome size and protein ratio.

10. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Genomes: $500 Question Which of the following best describes the “Achilles’ heel” region shown above? A)This region is typically unchanged from year to year B)This region shows RNA conservation C) This region is targeted by most vaccines used today D) A and B E) A, B, and C ANSWER BACK TO GAME

11. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Genomes: $500 Answer BACK TO GAME Which of the following best describes the “Achilles’ heel” region shown above? A)This region is typically unchanged from year to year B)This region shows RNA conservation C) This region is targeted by most vaccines used today D) A and B E) A, B, and C

12. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Adaptive Evolution: $100 Question Natural selection is based on all of the following except A) genetic variation exists within populations. B) the best-adapted individuals tend to leave the most offspring. C) individuals who survive longer tend to leave more offspring than those who die young. D) populations tend to produce more individuals than the environment can support. E) individuals adapt to their environments and, thereby, evolve. ANSWER BACK TO GAME

13. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Adaptive Evolution: $100 Answer BACK TO GAME Natural selection is based on all of the following except A) genetic variation exists within populations. B) the best-adapted individuals tend to leave the most offspring. C) individuals who survive longer tend to leave more offspring than those who die young. D) populations tend to produce more individuals than the environment can support. E) individuals adapt to their environments and, thereby, evolve.

14. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Which of the following must exist in a population before natural selection can act upon that population? A) genetic variation among individuals B) variation among individuals caused by environmental factors C) sexual reproduction D) A and B E) A, B, and C Adaptive Evolution: $200 Question ANSWER BACK TO GAME

15. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Adaptive Evolution: $200 Answer BACK TO GAME Which of the following must exist in a population before natural selection can act upon that population? A) genetic variation among individuals B) variation among individuals caused by environmental factors C) sexual reproduction D) A and B E) A, B, and C

16. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Most Swiss starlings produce four to five eggs in each clutch. Starlings producing fewer, or more, than this have reduced fitness. Which of the following terms best describes this situation? A) artificial selection B) directional selection C) stabilizing selection D) disruptive selection E) sexual selection Adaptive Evolution: $300 Question ANSWER BACK TO GAME

17. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Adaptive Evolution: $300 Answer BACK TO GAME Most Swiss starlings produce four to five eggs in each clutch. Starlings producing fewer, or more, than this have reduced fitness. Which of the following terms best describes this situation? A) artificial selection B) directional selection C) stabilizing selection D) disruptive selection E) sexual selection

18. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Genetic variation in a population refers to which of the following? A)Multiple individuals breeding together B)Multiple alleles within a gene pool C)Multiple phenotypes with the same genotype D)Multiple genes within a genome E)Multiple offspring with advantageous mutations Adaptive Evolution: $400 Question ANSWER BACK TO GAME

19. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Adaptive Evolution: $400 Answer BACK TO GAME Genetic variation in a population refers to which of the following? A)Multiple individuals breeding together B)Multiple alleles within a gene pool C)Multiple phenotypes with the same genotype D)Multiple genes within a genome E)Multiple offspring with advantageous mutations

20. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Imagine that 5,000 years ago the frequency of allele A was 0.7. Which of the following would indicate evolution had occurred if measured today? A)Frequency of A = 0.7 B)Frequency of a = 0.3 C)Frequency of a = 0.1 D)Individuals carrying AA lived longer lives than aa individuals E)None of the above Adaptive Evolution: $500 Question ANSWER BACK TO GAME

21. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Adaptive Evolution: $500 Answer BACK TO GAME Imagine that 5,000 years ago the frequency of allele A was 0.7. Which of the following would indicate evolution had occurred if measured today? A)Frequency of A = 0.7 B)Frequency of a = 0.3 C)Frequency of a = 0.1 D)Individuals carrying AA lived longer lives than aa individuals E)None of the above

22. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Over time, the movement of people on Earth has steadily increased. This has altered the course of human evolution by increasing A) nonrandom mating. B) geographic isolation. C) genetic drift. D) gene flow. Non-adaptive Evolution: $100 Question ANSWER BACK TO GAME

23. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Non-adaptive Evolution: $100 Answer BACK TO GAME Over time, the movement of people on Earth has steadily increased. This has altered the course of human evolution by increasing A) nonrandom mating. B) geographic isolation. C) genetic drift. D) gene flow.

24. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Non-adaptive Evolution: $200 Question ANSWER BACK TO GAME Which of the following is/are not directly connected to genetic drift? A) migration B) bottleneck effect C) founder event D) All of the answer options are correct.

25. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Non-adaptive Evolution: $200 Answer BACK TO GAME Which of the following is/are not directly connected to genetic drift? A) migration B) bottleneck effect C) founder event D) All of the answer options are correct.

26. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Non-adaptive Evolution: $300 Question Migration is going to have what kind of effect on the genetic variation between populations? a. Small populations have greater rates of mutation. b. Small populations are affected more by stabilizing selection. c. Small populations are more affected by random effect. d. Small populations are more prone to migration. e. Small populations are less affected by mutations. ANSWER BACK TO GAME

27. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Non-adaptive Evolution: $300 Answer BACK TO GAME Migration is going to have what kind of effect on the genetic variation between populations? a. Small populations have greater rates of mutation. b. Small populations are affected more by stabilizing selection. c. Small populations are more affected by random effect. d. Small populations are more prone to migration. e. Small populations are less affected by mutations.

28. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Although each of the following has a better chance of influencing gene frequencies in small populations than in large populations, which one most consistently requires a small population as a precondition for its occurrence? A) mutation B) nonrandom mating C) genetic drift D) natural selection E) gene flow Non-adaptive Evolution: $400 Question ANSWER BACK TO GAME

29. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Non-adaptive Evolution: $400 Answer BACK TO GAME Although each of the following has a better chance of influencing gene frequencies in small populations than in large populations, which one most consistently requires a small population as a precondition for its occurrence? A) mutation B) nonrandom mating C) genetic drift D) natural selection E) gene flow

30. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Non-adaptive Evolution: $500 Question ANSWER BACK TO GAME The population of a nearly extinct animal is dwindling in captivity. Which of the following might you suggest to improve their survival? A) Selecting only the biggest animals for reproduction B) Selecting only the oldest animals for reproduction C) Irradiating animals to introduce mutations D) Importing an animal from a different zoo for reproduction E) All of the above

31. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Non-adaptive Evolution: $500 Answer BACK TO GAME The population of a nearly extinct animal is dwindling in captivity. Which of the following might you suggest to improve their survival? A) Selecting only the biggest animals for reproduction B) Selecting only the oldest animals for reproduction C) Irradiating animals to introduce mutations D) Importing an animal from a different zoo for reproduction E) All of the above

32. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Which of the following best explains why the flu vaccine is often changed from year to year? A) Our immune cells acquire resistance to the flu virus B) The flu virus acquires resistance to our immune cells C) The genome of the flu virus mutates in order to become resistant D) Our immune cells mutate in order to avoid the virus E) The vaccine doesn’t recognize the virus every year Case Studies: $100 Question ANSWER BACK TO GAME

33. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Case Studies: $100 Answer BACK TO GAME Which of the following best explains why the flu vaccine is often changed from year to year? A) Our immune cells acquire resistance to the flu virus B) The flu virus acquires resistance to our immune cells C) The genome of the flu virus mutates in order to become resistant D) Our immune cells mutate in order to avoid the virus E) The vaccine doesn’t recognize the virus every year

34. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Which of the following is a potential benefit of human genome sequencing? A) Personalized medicine may help use more targeted therapies B) Identification of a predisposition may promote lifestyle changes C) Since all diseases are caused by mutations, we can target them more effectively through surgery D) A and B E) A, B, and C Case Studies: $200 Question ANSWER BACK TO GAME

35. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Case Studies: $200 Answer BACK TO GAME Which of the following is a potential benefit of human genome sequencing? A) Personalized medicine may help use more targeted therapies B) Identification of a predisposition may promote lifestyle changes C) Since all diseases are caused by mutations, we can target them more effectively through surgery D) A and B E) A, B, and C

36. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Case Studies: $300 Question ANSWER BACK TO GAME Individuals that are heterozygous for sickle-cell anemia are more resistant to malaria than those that do not have a sickle- cell allele. Why does the sickle-cell allele not become fixed? A)Individuals homozygous for the sickle-cell allele do not have the same resistance to malaria. B)Individuals homozygous without the sickle-cell allele produce more offspring than those with sickle-cell allele. C)Individuals that are homozygous for the sickle-cell allele have sickle- cell anemia, and are at a fitness disadvantage. D)Individuals heterozygous for the sickle-cell allele die earlier than either of the homozygous individuals. E)Analysis indicates the allele is becoming fixed in the population.

37. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Case Studies: $300 Answer BACK TO GAME Individuals that are heterozygous for sickle-cell anemia are more resistant to malaria than those that do not have a sickle- cell allele. Why does the sickle-cell allele not become fixed? A)Individuals homozygous for the sickle-cell allele do not have the same resistance to malaria. B)Individuals homozygous without the sickle-cell allele produce more offspring than those with sickle-cell allele. C)Individuals that are homozygous for the sickle-cell allele have sickle- cell anemia, and are at a fitness disadvantage. D)Individuals heterozygous for the sickle-cell allele die earlier than either of the homozygous individuals. E)Analysis indicates the allele is becoming fixed in the population.

38. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Which of the following is a common target of HAART? A) Reverse transcriptase B) Viral ribosomes C) Immune cell production D) A and B E) A, B, and C Case Studies: $400 Question ANSWER BACK TO GAME

39. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Case Studies: $400 Answer BACK TO GAME Which of the following is a common target of HAART? A) Reverse transcriptase B) Viral ribosomes C) Immune cell production D) A and B E) A, B, and C

40. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Cystic fibrosis (CF) is an autosomal hereditary disorder in which mucous forms in the lungs and intestinal tract. A mouse model of CF reveal that a heterozygous carrier of CF had less secretory diarrhea from cholera (caused by a bacterial infection) than normal noncarrier mice. This is most likely an example of: A) Directional selection B) Disruptive selection C) Stabilizing selection D) Allele fixation E) Genetic drift Case Studies: $500 Question ANSWER BACK TO GAME

41. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Case Studies: $500 Answer BACK TO GAME Cystic fibrosis (CF) is an autosomal hereditary disorder in which mucous forms in the lungs and intestinal tract. A mouse model of CF reveal that a heterozygous carrier of CF had less secretory diarrhea from cholera (caused by a bacterial infection) than normal noncarrier mice. This is most likely an example of: A) Directional selection B) Disruptive selection C) Stabilizing selection D) Allele fixation E) Genetic drift

42. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. In ________ speciation, there is gene flow between populations that are in the process of diverging into two or more species. In ________ speciation, there is no gene flow between populations that are in the process of diverging into two or more species. A)allopatric; sympatric B)sympatric; allopatric C)Both allopatric and sympatric are applicable to either description. D)Neither allopatric nor sympatric is applicable to either description. Speciation: $100 Question ANSWER BACK TO GAME

43. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Speciation: $100 Answer BACK TO GAME In ________ speciation, there is gene flow between populations that are in the process of diverging into two or more species. In ________ speciation, there is no gene flow between populations that are in the process of diverging into two or more species. A)allopatric; sympatric B)sympatric; allopatric C)Both allopatric and sympatric are applicable to either description. D)Neither allopatric nor sympatric is applicable to either description.

44. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Speciation: $200 Question ANSWER BACK TO GAME Dog breeders maintain the purity of breeds by keeping dogs of different breeds apart when they are fertile. This kind of isolation is most similar to which of the following reproductive isolating mechanisms? A) reduced hybrid fertility B) hybrid breakdown C) mechanical isolation D) habitat isolation E) gametic isolation

45. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Speciation: $200 Answer BACK TO GAME Dog breeders maintain the purity of breeds by keeping dogs of different breeds apart when they are fertile. This kind of isolation is most similar to which of the following reproductive isolating mechanisms? A) reduced hybrid fertility B) hybrid breakdown C) mechanical isolation D) habitat isolation E) gametic isolation

46. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. You are confronted with a box of preserved grasshoppers of various species that are new to science and have not been described. Your assignment is to separate them into species. There is no accompanying information as to where or when they were collected. Which species concept will you have to use? A) biological B) phylogenetic C) ecological D) morphological Speciation: $300 Question ANSWER BACK TO GAME

47. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Speciation: $300 Answer BACK TO GAME You are confronted with a box of preserved grasshoppers of various species that are new to science and have not been described. Your assignment is to separate them into species. There is no accompanying information as to where or when they were collected. Which species concept will you have to use? A) biological B) phylogenetic C) ecological D) morphological

48. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. For species determination of asexual organisms, it is useful to use: A) Ecological species concept B) Evolutionary species concept C) Biological species concept D) A and B E) A, B, and C Speciation: $400 Question ANSWER BACK TO GAME

49. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Speciation: $400 Answer BACK TO GAME For species determination of asexual organisms, it is useful to use: A) Ecological species concept B) Evolutionary species concept C) Biological species concept D) A and B E) A, B, and C

50. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Speciation: $500 Question ANSWER BACK TO GAME Two populations of beetles are separated by a large body of water and gene flow is not observed between these population in the wild. Mating can occur between these two populations as observed in the laboratory, but the offspring do not develop or die shortly after hatching. What kind of speciation has occurred in this example, and what has driven the reproductive isolation? A) Allopatric; pre-zygotic B) Allopatric; post-zygotic C) Sympatric; pre-zygotic D) Sympatric; post-zygotic

51. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Speciation: $500 Answer BACK TO GAME Two populations of beetles are separated by a large body of water and gene flow is not observed between these population in the wild. Mating can occur between these two populations as observed in the laboratory, but the offspring do not develop or die shortly after hatching. What kind of speciation has occurred in this example, and what has driven the reproductive isolation? A) Allopatric; pre-zygotic B) Allopatric; post-zygotic C) Sympatric; pre-zygotic D) Sympatric; post-zygotic

52. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Potpourri: $100 Question ANSWER BACK TO GAME Which of the following statements best describes theories? A) They are nearly the same things as hypotheses. B) They are supported by, and make sense of, many observations. C) They cannot be tested because the described events occurred only once. D) They are predictions of future events. E) They are more narrow and refutable than a hypotheses.

53. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Potpourri: $100 Answer BACK TO GAME Which of the following statements best describes theories? A) They are nearly the same things as hypotheses. B) They are supported by, and make sense of, many observations. C) They cannot be tested because the described events occurred only once. D) They are predictions of future events. E) They are more narrow and refutable than a hypotheses.

54. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Potpourri: $200 Question A population in biology refers to a group of organisms that A)Are different species. B)Are genetically related. C)Are the same species. D)Live in the same space. E)Cannot interbreed. ANSWER BACK TO GAME

55. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Potpourri: $200 Answer BACK TO GAME A population in biology refers to a group of organisms that A)Are different species. B)Are genetically related. C)Are the same species. D)Live in the same space. E)Cannot interbreed.

56. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Potpourri: $300 Question What is the result of a mutation that occurs in somatic cells? A)The mutation will be passed along to the organism’s offspring. B)The mutation may be expressed in the individual, but will not be passed along to its offspring. C)The mutation will be deleterious. D)There will never be any visible effect. E)The mutation will prevent all reproduction. ANSWER BACK TO GAME

57. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Potpourri: $300 Answer BACK TO GAME What is the result of a mutation that occurs in somatic cells? A)The mutation will be passed along to the organism’s offspring. B)The mutation may be expressed in the individual, but will not be passed along to its offspring. C)The mutation will be deleterious. D)There will never be any visible effect. E)The mutation will prevent all reproduction.

58. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Potpourri: $400 Question If there are 50 individuals in a population and 20 are homozygous for B, 10 are heterozygous, and 20 are homozygous for b, what is the allele frequency of B? A) 20% B) 35% C) 50% D) 80% E) It can’t be calculated from this information. ANSWER BACK TO GAME

59. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Potpourri: $400 Answer BACK TO GAME If there are 50 individuals in a population and 20 are homozygous for B, 10 are heterozygous, and 20 are homozygous for b, what is the allele frequency of B? A) 20% B) 35% C) 50% D) 80% E) It can’t be calculated from this information.

60. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Potpourri: $500 Question ANSWER BACK TO GAME If the bacterium Staph. aureus experiences a cost for maintaining one or more antibiotic-resistance genes, then what should happen in environments from which antibiotics are missing? A) These genes should continue to be maintained in case the antibiotics ever appear. B) These bacteria should be outcompeted and replaced by bacteria that have lost these genes. C) The bacteria should try to make the cost worthwhile by locating, and migrating to, microenvironments where traces of antibiotics are present. D) The bacteria should start making and secreting their own antibiotics.

61. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Potpourri: $500 Answer BACK TO GAME If the bacterium Staph. aureus experiences a cost for maintaining one or more antibiotic-resistance genes, then what should happen in environments from which antibiotics are missing? A) These genes should continue to be maintained in case the antibiotics ever appear. B) These bacteria should be outcompeted and replaced by bacteria that have lost these genes. C) The bacteria should try to make the cost worthwhile by locating, and migrating to, microenvironments where traces of antibiotics are present. D) The bacteria should start making and secreting their own antibiotics.

62. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Mammals experienced a tremendous rate of speciation and adaptation following the extinction of the dinosaurs. What term do we use to describe this sudden availability of ecological opportunity and potential for allopatric speciation? A) Genetic drift B) Heterozygote advantage C) Positive selection D) Pre-zygotic barrier E) Adaptive radiation FINAL ROUND Question ANSWER BACK TO GAME

63. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. FINAL ROUND Answer BACK TO GAME Mammals experienced a tremendous rate of speciation and adaptation following the extinction of the dinosaurs. What term do we use to describe this sudden availability of ecological opportunity and potential for allopatric speciation? A) Genetic drift B) Heterozygote advantage C) Positive selection D) Pre-zygotic barrier E) Adaptive radiation