1. INTRODUCTION TO EMBEDDED SYSTEM
EC501 EMBEDDED SYSTEM APPLICATIONS
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION TO EMBEDDED SYSTEM
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
POLITEKNIK SULTAN HAJI AHMAD SHAH

2. LEARNING OUTCOMES Understand the concept of embedded system:
Describe the meaning of embedded system
Explain microcontroller as the heart of embedded system
Relate embedded system examples with real life application
Differentiate Microcontroller and microprocessor
Discuss the advantages of microcontroller application

3. EMBEDDED SYSTEM Definition
Embedded system is a computer system that cannot be programmed by the user because it is preprogrammed for a specific task and embedded within the equipment which it serves. (McGraw-Hill Science & Technology Encyclopedia:)
Embedded system is a product controlled by its own internal microprocessor or microcontroller with a purpose for specific functions needed for the system

4. Definition for: embedded system
A combination of hardware and software which together form a component of a larger machine.
An example of an embedded system is a microprocessor that controls an automobile engine.
An embedded system is designed to run on its own without human intervention, and may be required to respond to events in real time.
Source:

5. MICROCONTROLLERS AS HEART OF EMBEDDED SYSTEM
A microcontroller is the data processing "brain" of an embedded system.
In an embedded system, a microcontroller receives input signals, processes the input signals and generates output signals based on the processing.
For example, in a thermometer embedded system, the microcontroller may receive a signal from a temperature measuring device, process the signal and send data to a display device to show the temperature being sensed.

6. Microcontroller as the Heart of Embedded System
Like
Microcontroller like brain?? Woww.. It is great right?
Because, the microcontroller will:
Receive Input Signal  Process it  Produce an Output

7. EMBEDDED SYSTEM EXAMPLES
Embedded systems are used in all aspects of modern life and there are many examples of their use, including:
Telecommunications systems
Consumer electronics
Transportation systems
Medical equipment
Etc

8. EMBEDDED SYSTEM EXAMPLES ..cont…
Physically, embedded systems range from portable devices such as digital watches and MP3 players, to large stationary installations like traffic lights, factory controllers, or the systems controlling nuclear power plants.

9. EMBEDDED SYSTEM EXAMPLES
Line Follower Robot
Washing Machine
For more detail, please refer book page 25
Air-Bag

10. Microcontroller is great…how about our computer (microprocessor)?
Next slide describe the difference between uP and uC uP uC

11. Applications Areas

12. Application Areas • TV • stereo • remote control
• phone / mobile phone
• refrigerator
• microwave
• washing machine
• electric tooth brush
• oven / rice or bread cooker
• watch
• alarm clock
• electronic musical instruments
• electronic toys (stuffed animals,handheld toys, pinballs, etc.)
• medical home equipment (e.g. blood
pressure, thermometer)
• …
• [PDAs?? More like standard computer system]
Consumer Products

13. Application Areas Medical Systems Office Equipment Tools Banking
pace maker, patient monitoring systems, injection systems, intensive care units, …
Office Equipment
printer, copier, fax, …
Tools
multimeter, oscilloscope, line tester, GPS, …
Banking
ATMs, statement printers, …
Transportation
(Planes/Trains/[Automobiles] and Boats)
radar, traffic lights, signalling systems, …

14. Application Areas Automobiles Building Systems Agriculture Space
engine management, trip computer, cruise control, immobilizer, car alarm,
airbag, ABS, ESP, …
Building Systems
elevator, heater, air conditioning, lighting, key card entries, locks, alarm systems, …
Agriculture
feeding systems, milking systems, …
Space
satellite systems, …

15. Application Areas Facts: 1998: 90% Embedded Systems vs. 10% Computers
1997: The average U.S. household has over 10 embedded computers (source:
1998: 90% Embedded Systems vs. 10% Computers
(source: Frautschi,
2001: The Volvo S80 has 18 embedded controllers and 2 busses (source: Volvo)

16. Automobiles

25. Embedded in a Shoe!
The microprocessor embedded in this adidas running shoe calculates the pressure between the runner's foot and the ground five million times per second and continuously changes the cushioning to match an adjustable comfort level. The computer controls a motor that lengthens and shortens a cable attached to a plastic cushioning element.

26. Characteristics of Embedded System
Embedded systems are designed to do a specific task
Embedded systems are not always standalone devices
The program instructions written for embedded systems are referred to as firmware, and are stored in read-only memory or flash memory chips.

27. Microcontroller versus general-purpose microprocessor
Microprocessor is an IC which has only the CPU inside them i.e. only the processing. Application of microprocessor includes Desktop PC’s, Laptops, notepads etc.
Microprocessor is the general purpose microprocessors such as Intel’s x86 family (8086, 80286,80386, and the Pentium) or Motorola’s family

28. Microcontroller versus general-purpose microprocessor
A microcontroller (sometimes abbreviated µC, uC or MCU) is a small computer on a single integrated circuit containing a processor core, memory, and programmable input/output peripherals.

29. Microprocessor based system
A system designer using a general-purpose microprocessor must add RAM, ROM, I/O ports and timers externally to make them functional.

30. Microprocessor (μP) vs. Microcontroller (μC)
OVERVIEW OF MICROCONTROLLER
Microprocessor (μP) vs. Microcontroller (μC)
To store the information (during CPU operation)
CPU / μP
Register
ALU
To process the information
Control Unit
To control the direction of information
(CPU, Memory, I/O)

31. μP vs. μC μC OVERVIEW OF MICROCONTROLLER CPU / μP Control Unit ALU
Register
Control Unit
ALU
DATA BUS
Serial COM
RAM
ROM
I/O
Timer
CONTROL BUS
ADDRESS BUS

32. Micro controller system
All the support devices like Read only memory, Read – Write memory, Timer, Serial interface, I/O ports are internal. In other words, the processor, RAM, ROM, I/O ports and timer are all on a single chip.

33. Differences between microcontrollers and microprocessor based system
Dedicated to one specific task
Support devices are internal for a micro controller
Micro controllers offer software protection
Time required to build the circuit will be less, the size will be less and power consumption will be less
Not expensive
Can do many different task
Support devices are external in a microprocessor based system
micro processor base system fails to offer a protection system.
Time required to build the circuit will be more, the size will be more and power consumption will be more
Expensive

34. The advantages of microcontroller application
Small size
program is difficult to copy because of copy protection functions and an emulator will be required to copy it.
Reduce chip count
Many applications do not require as much computing power
Reduced power consumption
Reduced design cost

35. End-of-chapter Problems 1
1. Microcontrollers are normally less expensive than microprocessors. (true/false)
2. When comparing a system board based on a microcontroller and a general purpose microprocessor, which one is cheaper?
3. What does the term embedded system mean?

36. End-of-chapter Problems 1 ..cont..
4. List the differences between microcontroller and microprocessor.
5. List the advantages of microcontroller application.
Microcontroller normally has which of the following devices on-chip?
a) RAM b) ROM c) I/O d) all of the above

37. Wassalam Terima Kasih