1. MUSICA DE MÉXICO MUSIC OF MEXICO http://www.andalemexico.com/dest.htm

2. Before the Spanish Conquest Many different indigenous groups were living in various geographical regions across the country Music was a big part of indigenous culture however: There is no word meaning just “music”. All the words that mean music also connect the concept with something else, such as: Dance Playing of games Celebrating religious and non religious events Singing Playing of instruments Music was very important and there were music schools called cuicacalli Much of what we know about ancient indigenous cultures came from codex (books of drawings created by different indigenous groups). http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aztec_codex_replica.jpg

3. http://www.cdi.gob.mx/dmdocuments/monografia_nacional_pueblos_indigenas_mexico. pdf Contemporary Maps of Indigenous Groups In Mexico Click Here Click Here for interactive web Map

4. Pre-Colonial Instruments Types of instruments: Flutes Horns (shells) Rattles Drums Voice http://yollocuicanimeh.blogspot.com/2010/08/nombres-inciertos-de- algunos.html http://jovialiste.com/codex/images/homme.j pg These codices show singing and instrument playing. Most likely for a religious celebration or ceremony.

5. Musical Sounds of Pre-Colonial Era These examples are representations/interpretations of how Aztec and Mayan music sounded. This is based on codex and study of music within indigenous groups who are living more authentically to the ancient cultures. Mayan Rivera Maya Tenochtitlan/Aztelán *** This is a composer’s interpretation of what the music sounded like. This example probably has more contemporary interpretation than the others. This is probably not from a group who is living as close as possible to ancient ways. Aztec

6. Musica Folklorica de Mexico Folk music of Mexico Mexican folk music= A mixture of European/Spanish and native cultures

7. Spanish Conquest Spain sent explorers to find out more about the world and find gold and treasures When they encountered the natives in Mexico many different things happened Spain tried to conquer the Aztec empire by force and was successful in many places, destroying people by Firearms Disease Spanish missionaries (priests), eventually realized the natives were people and tried to save their souls by teaching them their religion instead of just killing everyone Spain realized that to convert people to Catholicism, educating the children to speak Spanish and educating them about the faith was the best way to convert the adults http://www.delange.org/PresPalace2/PresPalace2.htm Diego Rivera’s “Exploitation of Mexico by Spanish Conquistadores”: Mural Placio Nacional. Mexico City.

8. Spanish Conquest/Conversion Similarities between cultures lead to conversion of indigenous Many indigenous groups had a belief in one powerful god Hierarchy of leadership Importance of and ways to make music Worship using music Using music to call people to prayer several times a day(modern examples: church bells chime before church begins, Islamic calls to pray during the day from minarets) Having levels of musicians, conductor, levels of singers/players (modern example: Concert master=first violin vs. every other violin) There were many VERY talented indigenous musicians and music soon became the best means to convert native peoples.

9. Mexico’s Composers Many composers wrote in European styles. Some used native languages, rhythms, or instruments, mixing styles called syncretism. Ex: Hernando Franco’s “Sancta Maria” motet in indigenous language. Click Here to listen to Hernando Franco’s chant.Here *** Syncretism encompasses the mixing of not only music, but other cultural aspects such as education or governmental structure***

10. From Renaissance through the Romantic era’s many composers in Mexico have been writing amazing pieces in the European style. Baroque Juan Garcia de Zepedes Juan Gutierrez de Padilla Classical Martin Francisco de Cruzelaegui Romantic Aniceto Ortega Tomas Leon Gustavo Campa (this example is a piece in French)Gustavo Campa Melesio Morales Juventino Rosas Mexico’s National Anthem was composed during the Romantic time period by Jaime Nuno, poem by Francisco Gonzalez Bocanegra.National Anthem Mexico’s Composers (cont.)

11. Typos de Musica Foklorica Types of Folk Music Folk music varies between geographical regions. The variations between regions can include instruments, rhythms, dance moves, or slight changes in the melody. The following explanations are generalizations of the styles. Jarabe Mixed meter between 6/8 and ¾ or 2/4 Jarabe Tapatio- JaliscoJarabe Tapatio Jarabe Jarocho- VeracruzJarabe Jarocho Corrido Ballad that tells stories of love, legend, hardship, etc. La Adelita read the story behind La Adelita hereLa Adelitahere Son There are many different forms of Son but all share the following characteristics. Sections vary between instrumental sections and sung poetic verse String instruments, particularly the guitar, are used most in Son with the exception of Son marimba

12. A Few of the Styles of Son Son de Mariachi Typical Instruments: Several guitars, forms of guitar Violins Trumpets Voices Harp- sometimes depending on the region Son de Marimba Son Jarocho Origins in VeracruzVeracruz La Bamba is a popular Son JarochoLa Bamba Son de Huapango Son de Huapango (continued on next page)

13. Huapango Huasteco: Area of Study State: Queretaro/ Sierra Gordas Mountains Communities * Agua Zarca (Stagnant Water) Valle Verde (Green Valley) Communities’/ Teachers’ Goals To revive and preserve culture by teaching children the traditional folk music Huapango.

14. Huapango Huasteco Lyrics Improvised poetry Poetry form ABABABAB (with rhymes) 8 syllables per line. Can go as little as 6 and as many as 10 In performance the first two lines repeat in opposite order, before the continuation of the rest of the poem. Ejemplo español:English Example (NOT TRANSLATION): Vino gente preparadaYesterday I went to the store, a burlarse del taller.because I needed some French bread. A burlarse del tallerBecause I needed some French bread, vino gente preparada.yesterday I went to the store. Huapango festivals… Trios compete or duel and the one that creates best poetry/lyrics wins

15. Poem by Gabino (Instructor of Huapango in Agua Zarca): Vino gente preparada a bularse del taller dicen “pues no saben nada que nos puedan ofrecer.” ahora ven las huapangueadas y aún no lo pueden creer. Translation by Aimée Swanson: Very prepared (learned) people came to make fun of us. They said, “They don’t know anything. what can the offer us?” Then they see the Huapangeras (student musicians) and they cannot believe it. Huapango Huasteco Poem Examples English Example from Huapango unit in General Music class: We’re having some fun in the sun during a windy fall day. We are taking a long run along Lake Geneva Bay. We’ll be like Nike and get it done. It is a great way to end the day. Lake Geneva Middle School’s Wall of Huapango poems ***Notice the ABABAB rhyme pattern***

16. Performing Huapango Huasteco Poems 1 st person calls: Line 1-2, then backward line 2-1 We’re having some fun in the sun during a windy fall day. During a windy fall day, We’re having some fun in the sun. 2 nd person or group responds : Line 1-2, then backward line 2-1 We’re having some fun in the sun during a windy fall day. During a windy fall day, We’re having some fun in the sun. 2 nd person: Line 3-4 We are taking a long run along Lake Geneva Bay. 3 rd person (often this is the 1 st person in Mexico, but adapted to the 3 rd in the U.S.): Line 5-6 We’ll be like Nike and get it done. It is a great way to end the day. Play video above for example in Spanish Play video above for example in English

17. Your Turn… Create your own Huapango style poem as a class or in small groups Rules to remember: 1.First and second lines must be a compound sentence, able to flip back and forth 2.The goal is to have 8 syllables per line, no less than 6, no more than 10 3.The 1,3,5 lines all rhyme. The 2,4,6 lines all rhyme There are several general Huapango melodies that huapangeros use when improvising poetry. Feel free to use adapted Huapango melody by Aimée Swanson for your general music classroom: ***Please post your creative Huapango poems on the WMEA Listening Project Facebook page!***

18. Huapango Huasteco Instruments Instruments with Harmonic Support Jarana- 5 strings G, B, D, F#, A Guitarra Quinta- 8 strings G, D, D, G, G, B, E Instrument with Melodic Lines Violin Four strings G, D, A, E Jarana Guitarra Quinta Violin

19. Huapango Huasteco Strumming Patterns Basic Strums Long down, strum all strings and let them ring Long up, strum all strings and let them ring Short down, stop/semi mute strings with palm after having played them all with fingertips Two Strumming Patterns Agua ZarcaValle Verde

20. Music is generally in the key of G or C Basic Chords G, D7, C Basic Chord Progression (in the key of G) D7 (re7) G (sol) C (do) D7 (re7) Progression diagram above works as follows : (alternate between down down, and down up strums) Intro: ½ and 3 D7, 3 G, 1 C Progression pattern: 4 D7, 3 G, 1 C Huapango Huasteco Strumming Patterns and Chord Progressions

21. Huapango Huasteco Dance Steps Purpose: Courting Dance Two dance “moves” First, alternating feet with heel stomps accenting the beat- Instrumental sections Second, toe cross in front (dotted eighth note) then alternate placing feet on the ground (16 th 8 th 8 th )- Singing sections * In Agua Zarca this rhythm was precise, in Valle Verde there wasn’t a true “rhythm” for this move Class choreographed dance. The guys are “competing” for the girls during the instrumental section and the winner finds a girl during the singing section.

22. Folk Music as an Inspiration for Contemporary Symphonic Works Sones de Mariachi- Sones de Mariachi- Blas Galindo ABA- listen closely for the return of A, the trumpet is the clue What orchestral instruments do you think represent the guitars? What instrument from a mariachi group is playing in the orchestra? What orchestral instruments do you think represent the voices? How is this similar to mariachi? How does this differ from mariachi? What aspects of indigenous music do you hear? HuapangoHuapango- Jose Pablo Moncayo What different orchestral instruments did Moncayo use to “sing” the melody? In many huapangos, voices trade the melody and/or call and respond. How many times does the verse/singing section occur? (Listen for new melodies/themes to indicate the singing sections. Answers may vary) What instruments does he use to do this? What orchestral instruments take the harmony back up like the jarana and guitarra quinta do in an original huapango? (there are several times the instruments have melody or harmony)

23. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Mexico http://worldmusic.nationalgeographic.com/view/page.basic/country/content.country/mexico_15 Secondary sources: Sources Primary Sources: Beatriz Aguilar M.M.E., Ph.D., University of North Texas-Music education (specialized in early childhood music education), Certified as Kodály music educator, B.M., National Autonomous University of Mexico-Piano performance Much of the information I gathered is from an unpublished document on the History of Music in Mexico that Dr. Aguilar taught at the Wisconsin Center for Music Education in 2010 Junipero, Godofredo, Perfecto, Gabino, los maestros y los estudiantes de Huapango de Queretero y la region de las Sierra Gordas. I gathered most of the information about Huapango on a study-abroad trip to the Sierra Gordas region of Queretero, Mexico. There are amazing teachers passing on the tradition of Huapango to the younger generation and keeping their cultural heritage alive. ¡Muchisimas Gracias! Gracias a los profesores de Huapango y al director del programa de Huapangeritos en la Sierra Gorda. La experiencia de la música y cultura fue increíble. Gracias por abrirnos sus casas y sus vidas. El Huapango estilo Americano se lleva a cabo en mi escuela. Experimentar esta música y cultura amplía la visión de mis alumnos y tiene un impacto en su enfoque y vida. El más grande agradecimiento es para mi profesora, colega y amiga, la Dra. Beatriz Aguilar. Continuar me inspiran para ampliar mis horizontes y en constante búsqueda de la verdad en la vida. Ella es una de las más notables las mujeres que conozco. Tengo el honor de haber sido su alumna y ahora su amiga y colega. La tengo en gran estima. Gracias por compartir su identidad conmigo y con el mundo. Thank you to the teachers of Huapango and the director of the Huapangeritos program in the Sierra Gordas. The experience of the music and culture was incredible. Thank you for opening your homes and lives to us. Huapango Americano lives in my school. The experience of the music and culture broadens the lives of my students and has an impact on how they approach others and approach life. The biggest thank you to my professor, colleague, and friend, Dr. Beatriz Aguilar. You continue to inspire me to broaden my horizons and constantly search for the truth in life. You are one of the most remarkable women I know. I am honored to have been your student and now your friend and colleague. I hold you in highest regard. Thank you for sharing your identity with me and the world.