1. Post-Classical Asia and Beyond Ch. 10
Unit 4

2. In this chapter, we will…
Learn about the developments in Asia during the “post-classical” era
Especially in Turkey, Central Asia, India, and China
Learn about later developments in parts of Asia, reaching into the next historical time period

3. Essential Questions
What were the major civilizations of Asia in the post-classical era?
What were the effects of the Mongol invasions?
What were the achievements of the Ottomans, Mughals, and Ming Chinese?

4. Vocab A Go-Go Let’s use vocab-a-go-go to define the key vocabulary.
You will need an index card.

5. Pick up an index card

6. major civilizations of Asia in the post-classical era
1. On the BLANK Side of the index card, boldly write out the vocabulary term.
major civilizations of Asia in the post-classical era

7. 2. Write the Vocabulary term across the top
3. Write a complete definition of the term on the left half of the index card
4. Draw a visual representation of the term on the right half of the card.
Major civilizations of Asia in the post-classical era
The major Eastern civilizations to develop during the “Post-Classical Era” were the Ottomans, Safavids, and Mughal.

8. Post-Classical Asia and Beyond
Now, you independently will make a vocab-a-go-go specialty index card.
You will be given your own vocabulary term.
Use the text references to research the definition of your given term.
Use that information to create your own vocabulary index card.

9. Vocabulary Terms to Know!
Ottomans
Suleiman the Magnificent
Safavid Empire
Tamerlane
Taj Mahal
Sikhism
Tang Dynasty
Song Dynasty
Samurai
Mongol Empire
Ghengis Khan
Kublai Khan
Yan Dynasty
Marco Polo
Ming Dynasty
Sultan
Forbidden City
Sultanates
Footbinding
Daimyo
Ivan the Great
Akbar the Great
Six Dynasties
Tsar
Shah Jahn

10. Important Idea #1
The Ottomans established their capital in Istanbul (formerly Constantinople), where the Sultan ruled with an elaborate court.
The Ottomans ruled a vast empire that included Eastern Europe and North Africa. Jews and Christians were permitted some self-government

11. Rise of the Ottoman Empire
The Ottomans, a nomadic group of Turkish people originally from Central Asia, emerged as rulers of the Islamic world in the 13th century
In 1453, they succeeded in capturing Constantinople (which was what?)

12. Ottoman Empire

13. Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman Empire was located between Europe and Asia and interacted with both Eastern and Western culture throughout its history

14. Ottoman Empire
For a time, the Ottomans cut European trade with Asia and took control of the Mediterranean
Ottomans also conquered Egypt and North Africa, re-uniting all of the Muslim world under their rule, except for Persia and Afghanistan
They also conquered parts of Eastern Europe

15. Ottoman Empire
By the mid 1500’s, under Suleiman the Magnificent, the Ottoman Empire reached its height
The Ottoman fleet controlled much of the trade in the Mediterranean Sea until their defeat in 1571 by Spaniards and Venetians

16. Ottoman Empire
At the heart of the Ottoman system was the Sultan (ruler) and his lavish court
The Sultan in Istanbul (Constantinople) governed the entire empire as an all-powerful ruler
Under the Sultan’s rule, the early Ottoman Empire was well-organized and efficiently governed

17. Ottoman Empire
The Sultan was assisted by a special army –called the Janissaries- made up of soldiers recruited in childhood

18. Ottoman Empire
The Ottomans recognized the cultural diversity of their empire
Jewish and Christian communities were represented by their own leaders
Communities governed by their own laws and collected their own taxes
These methods of government, as well as Ottoman control over the crossroads of trade, promoted prosperity and stability

19. Back to Important Idea #1
Who established their capital at Istanbul?
Who ruled over the Ottoman Empire with an elaborate court?
The Ottoman Empire included parts of what 2 continents?
What 2 groups of people were permitted some self-government?

20. The Safavid Empire in Persia
Islam spread to Persia
The Safavids created a great Islamic empire in Persia in the early 1500’s.
Members of a Turkish tribe, the Safavids were Shi’ite Muslims
They were opposed to the Ottomans, who followed the Sunni branch of Islam

21. The Safavid Empire
Their association with Shi’ite Islam gave the Safavids an identity separate from their Turkish and Arab neighbors
Safavid rule eventually extended as far south as the Persian Gulf and east to the Indus River

22. Safavid Empire

23. The Safavid Empire
Safavid rulers, known as Shahs, used their large standing armies to maintain control
The Safavid court became famous for its beautiful palace carpets and paintings in miniature

24. The Muslim Invasion of India
In the 11th and 12th centuries, Turkish Muslims invaded India’s northern plains, destroying Hindu temples and cities
Large numbers of Hindus were killed in these invasions
Muslims established independent kingdoms in Northern India, known as Sultanates

25. The Muslim Invasion
Most important Sultanates was established around 1200 at Delhi
For the next 320 years, the Sultans of Delhi ruled much of Northern and Central India

26. The Muslim Invasion
Unlike prior conquerors, the Muslims never fully adopted Indian ways
Ex: Muslim women wore veils and remained secluded, even though Hindu women did not

27. The Muslim Invasion
At the end of the 14th Century, the Mongol ruler Tamerlane destroyed the city of Delhi and slaughtered its inhabitants
The Delhi Sultanate never fully recovered from this blow

28. The Mughal Empire ( )
In 1526, Babur, a descendant of both Tamerlane and Ghengis Khan, defeated the Sultan of Delhi and founded the Mughal Empire

29. The Mughal Empire
The Mughals were Muslims with close ties to Safavid Persia
Because the later Ottoman and Mughal Empires used guns to control their populations and fight their enemies, historians often refer to these as the “Gunpowder Empires”

30. The Mughal Empire
The most famous Mughal ruler was Babur’s grandson, Akbar the Great ( )
Akbar conquered neighboring Muslim and Hindu states, uniting Northern India under his rule

31. The Mughal Empire
Akbar set out to unite all his Muslim and Hindu subjects by promoting religious toleration
To govern his empire, Akbar divided it into 12 provinces
Well-trained imperial officials were sent to supervise local government, enforce laws, and ensure the collection of taxes
Akbar also encouraged learning, painting, music, and literature

32. The Mughal Empire
Akbar’s grandson, Shah Jahan ( ), showed less sympathy for Hindus.
He imposed special taxes on them and ordered the destruction of many Hindu temples
Many Hindus started converting to Islam
These people changed religion to avoid paying taxes
Others converted because they were from lower castes and hope to escape the caste system

33. The Mughal Empire
Under Jahan’s rule, Mughal artistic and architectural achievements reached a high point
Jahan built palaces, fortresses, and mosques to glorify his reign
The most famous was the Taj Mahal, which was used as a tomb for his wife

34. The Mughal Empire
Taj Mahal stands as one of the finest examples of Mughal architecture, merging elements of Persian, Islamic, and Indian styles

35. The Mughal Empire
Although the Mughals continued to rule in the north until 1857, a series of small, independent kingdoms developed in Central and Southern India
Soon afterwards, the Mughal Empire began to fall apart

36. Sikhism
Sikhism developed in Northern India as a result of the interaction of Muslim and Hindu beliefs
Like Hindus, Sikhs believe in reincarnation
Like Muslims, Sikhs believe in 1 God, and that God can be known through meditations (a form of deep contemplation)

37. Sikhism
The goal of every Sikh is to build a close and loving relationship with God
Sikhs believe that everyone has equal status in the eyes of God
Sikh scriptures teach the idea of moderation, urging followers to eat little, sleep little, talk little, and to consume as little as possible

38. Sikhism Unlike Hindus, Sikhs do not have castes
It is customary for Sikhs of all social ranks to take meals together
Sikh men do not cut their hair, which is often worn under a turban

39. The Tang and Song Dynasties of China
Like Western Europe after the decline of the Roman Empire, China entered a long period of turmoil and unrest after the collapse of the Han Dynasty in 220 A.D
The advance of the Huns helped plunge China into disunity
Several warring kingdoms arose, and science, art and culture declined
Buddhism spread through China
This period is known as the Six Dynasties

40. Tang Dynasty ( )
During this Dynasty, China experienced a Golden Age
Early Tang rulers suppressed peasant uprisings, reunited China, revived traditional feudal relationships, and brought about peace and prosperity

41. Tang Dynasty ( )
China expanded into Korea, Manchuria and parts of Central Asia

42. Tang Dynasty
The government took careful censuses (population counts), gave examinations on Confucian texts to candidates for government service, and built public works

43. Tang Dynasty
Architecture, sculpture, painting, and porcelain all made great advances
Artists excelled in metalwork and jade, and styled pottery

44. Tang Dynasty
Tang painters depicted nature with brushwork on scrolls, and Tang poets celebrated court life

45. Tang Dynasty
The Chinese developed a unique form of garden – with streams, rocks and trees – designed for peaceful contemplation

46. Tang Dynasty
Encouraged commerce and handicrafts, making the Silk Road busier than ever before

47. Tang Dynasty
Tang China benefited from trade with Persia, Arabia, Japan and the Byzantine Empire

48. Song Dynasty ( )
After the fall of the Tang, the Song Dynasty emerged in the south
The song continued to build upon the achievements of the Tang
The first use of paper currency and standardized coins made of copper and iron
The Song eliminated forced labor which helped increase farm production

49. Song Dynasty ( )
China engaged in trade with many parts of the world
The Grand Canal, connecting Beijing, the Hwang Ho, and the Yangtze River, was used to ship grain within China.

50. Song Dynasty (960-1279) Science and technology also made advances
Technology – block printing, the crossbow, gunpowder, and the abacus

51. Song Dynasty ( )
Compass – a magnetized needle floating in a water bowl always points north-south. Traders at sea used their compass to determine their direction when sailing
The Arts – bronze casting, porcelains and painting with black ink on silk paper

52. Song Dynasty ( )
Song astronomers developed new instruments; doctors studied acupuncture; and mathematicians solved advance equations
They introduced gunpowder in war; the compass in navigation and invented moveable type for printing

53. Song Dynasty ( )
The Song faced threats from the tribes on China’s northern borders
In order to secure their borders, the Song allied themselves with the Mongols
The alliance was a mistake and the Mongols soon overran the empire and established a foreign dynasty over China – the Yuan Dynasty

55. Women in China
Tang and Song followed traditional beliefs of Confucianism
A women must obey her father, husband and son
So long as they gave birth to sons, they would gain respect in their new family
Women could inherit land from her husband when he died, and divorce was allowed

56. Women in China
Selection from the Confucian Analects: On Women and Servants
17:25 Women and servants are most difficult to nurture. If one is close to them, they lose their reserve, while if one is distant, they feel resentful.
Questions:
1. What point of view does Confucius reveal in this statement?   
2. What does this passage reveal about class structure and class stereotypes in Confucius’ time?
3. Can you find parallels to Confucius attitude in other cultures at the same or at other times?

57. Women in China Footbinding was practiced under the Song Dynasty
This limited the mobility of the female
This gave wealthy women small feet, which was considered attractive, but often made walking difficult.

58. China’s Influence on Japan
Chinese and Koran scholars and merchants brought many aspects of Chinese culture to Japan
Confucianism, Buddhism and Daoism
Chinese writing, music, art, dance and evening cooking influenced Japanese styles and tastes
Rulers set up an imperial court, and declared himself emperor in imitation of China

59. China’s Influence on Japan
Japanese society was not an exact copy
Nobles free from tax burdens
Many noble landowners raised their own private armies of warriors
With less taxes, the imperial government grew weaker
Warfare broke out between leading noble families

60. China’s Influence on Japan
In 1192, the Japanese Shogun, or “Supreme Military Governor” emerged
For the next 600 years, the Shogun was the real rulers of Japan, with emperors merely acting as figureheads

61. China’s Influence on Japan
The Shogun stood on top of the Japanese feudal system.
Daimyo (noble) and Samurai warriors, (knights on horseback) swore an oath of loyalty to the emperor
Samurai followed a strict code of honor called bushido

62. China’s Influence on Japan
In return for loyalty, the daimyo provided the samurai with social status and economic support

65. Taizu 1st Song Emperor

66. Wu Zhao empress

67. 111. The Mongal Empire 1. The Geographic Setting
Stretching from Eastern Europe to Manchuria is a treeless grassland known as the steppes

68. The Mongal Empire
From the earliest times, nomadic people have lived in this area by herding horses, sheep, camels and goats
These vast grasslands provided pastures for their livestock

69. The Mongal Empire
Central Asia saw the rise of nomadic peoples who excelled at horsemanship and fighting skills

70. III. The Mongol Empire
A series of nomadic peoples pushed out of this region to conquer their more civilized neighbors, sometimes with devastating effects
The Huns, invaded Europe and contributed to the collapse of the Roman Empire
Later the Turks and Mongols also came out of Central Asia

72. III. The Mongol Empire
*During the 1200, the Mongols established the world’s largest empire.

73. A. Genghis Khan Unites the Mongols
The Mongols were loosely organized into tribes
Chinggis Khan (Genghis) united the varies Mongols tribes by 1206

74. A. Genghis Khan Unites the Mongols
200,000 Mongol horsemen, riding with sturdy stirrups, carrying strong bamboo bows and attacked cities with giant catapults

75. A. Genghis Khan Unites the Mongols
Know for there fierce brutality, they sometimes killed all the defenders of a city that refused to surrender without resistance
Chinggis Khan attacked China taking the city of Beijing
By 1219 he had captured the Muslim states of Central Asia
Chinggis was tolerance of other religions, made use of local administrators and craftspeople

76. A. Genghis Khan Unites the Mongols
He promoted trade throughout the empire and ordered the creation of a written script for the Mongol language
His successors extended rule into Persia, Russia, Iraq and the rest of China
The Mongols, held sway over one of the largest empires the world has ever seen – from the Black Sea to the Pacific Ocean
The Empire soon divided into four separate kingdoms “khanates”, each ruled by a different descendant of Chinggis Khan

78. B. The Yuan Dynasty Kublai Khan established the Yuan Dynasty in China.
United Northern and Southern China

79. B. The Yuan Dynasty
Encouraged Mongols to adopt Chinese ways and even adopted Chinese name for his dynasty Yuan
Claimed the Mandate of Heaven in ruling China

80. B. The Yuan Dynasty
Marco Polo, a merchant from Venice journeyed along the Silk Road and visited China in the 1270’s

81. B. The Yuan Dynasty
Astounded by Kublai Khan’s court and technology superiority of the Chinese
Especially impressed with the use of gunpowder and their burning of coal as a source of heat

82. C. Mongol Influence on Russia
In the 13th century, Mongol warriors conquered most of Russia
Mongol words, customs and even clothing styles influenced Russian culture
Moscow, known as Muscovy, became the strongest Russian state

83. C. Mongol Influence on Russia
In 1480, Ivan the Great declared Muscovy’s independence from the Mongols
Ivan became Tsar, (“Caesar” or Emperor)

84. D. The Rule of Tamerlane
In the 14th century the Mongols enjoyed a brief resurgence in Central Asia
Tamerlane, a Turkish-Mongol ruler, expanded his kingdom from Samarkand into Persia, Afghanistan, Russia, Syria, Turkey and Northern India

85. D. The Rule of Tamerlane
Known for his brutality in warfare and his massacre of civilian populations
His empire did not last after his death