1. Backbone Network https://store.theartofservice.com/the-backbone-network-toolkit.html

2. Core router 1 A core router is a router designed to operate in the Internet backbone, or core. To fulfill this role, a router must be able to support multiple telecommunications interfaces of the highest speed in use in the core Internet and must be able to forward IP packets at full speed on all of them. It must also support the routing protocols being used in the core. A core router is distinct from an edge router: edge routers sit at the edge of a backbone network and connect to core routers. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-backbone-network-toolkit.html

3. Fiber Distributed Data Interface Deployment 1 By the mid to late 1990s, Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) technology became more common for backbone networks https://store.theartofservice.com/the-backbone-network-toolkit.html

4. Apache Hadoop JobTracker and TaskTracker: the MapReduce engine 1 This reduces network traffic on the main backbone network https://store.theartofservice.com/the-backbone-network-toolkit.html

5. Computer network Geographic scale 1 A backbone network is part of a computer network infrastructure that provides a path for the exchange of information between different LANs or sub-networks. A backbone can tie together diverse networks within the same building, across different buildings, or over a wide area. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-backbone-network-toolkit.html

6. Computer network Geographic scale 1 For example, a large company might implement a backbone network to connect departments that are located around the world. The equipment that ties together the departmental networks constitutes the network backbone. When designing a network backbone, network performance and network congestion are critical factors to take into account. Normally, the backbone network's capacity is greater than that of the individual networks connected to it. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-backbone-network-toolkit.html

7. Computer network Geographic scale 1 Another example of a backbone network is the Internet backbone, which is the set of wide area networks (WANs) and core routers that tie together all networks connected to the Internet. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-backbone-network-toolkit.html

8. IPv6 deployment - Australia 1 Telstra announced on 5 September 2011 that their backbone network was fully double-stacked and that they had commenced providing its enterprise, government and wholesale customers with IPv6 connectivity, and helping customers through the transition. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-backbone-network-toolkit.html

9. IPv6 deployment - Germany 1 The 6WIN backbone network by the JOIN Team offers full native IPv6 support for their participants. Many scientific networks in Germany, like the Munich Scientific Network (MWN) operated by Leibniz- Rechenzentrum, are connected to this network. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-backbone-network-toolkit.html

10. Ericsson - IP core network (switching, routing, control and transport) 1 Ericsson's core network solutions include the mobile softswitch, IP infrastructure, IMS, media gateways, Mobile Packet Backbone Network (MPBN) and microwave and optical transport solutions to provide management of voice and data traffic. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-backbone-network-toolkit.html

11. Telecommunications in Russia - International connection 1 On February 2012 the national operator Rostelecom has selected TeliaSonera International Carrier to operate and manage its new backbone network between Kingisepp, Russia and Stockholm. The next- generation managed optical network provides connectivity between the cable landing points of the Baltic Cable System, Kingisepp and Kotka, implemented over TeliaSonera International Carrier's wholly owned fibre- optic infrastructure to Stockholm. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-backbone-network-toolkit.html

12. Orange S.A. - Subsidiaries 1 OpenTransit is Orange's backbone network. It covers Europe, the United States, Japan, Hong Kong, and loops back to Paris. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-backbone-network-toolkit.html

13. Telecommunications in Swaziland - Executive summary 1 Development of the sector has been hampered by the limited fixed-line infrastructure and a lack of competition in the access and backbone network, although the country has a relatively well- developed fibre optic backbone.However, being landlocked, Swaziland depends on neighboring countries for international fibre bandwidth which has led to high prices https://store.theartofservice.com/the-backbone-network-toolkit.html

14. Link aggregation - Network backbone 1 Link aggregation offers an inexpensive way to set up a high-speed backbone network that transfers much more data than any one single port or device can deliver. Link aggregation also allows the network's backbone speed to grow incrementally as demand on the network increases, without having to replace everything and buy new hardware. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-backbone-network-toolkit.html

15. Packet switching - NSFNET 1 NSFNET was also the name given to several nationwide backbone networks operating at speeds of 56 kbit/s, 1.5 Mbit/s (T1), and 45 Mbit/s (T3) that were constructed to support NSF's networking initiatives from 1985-1995 https://store.theartofservice.com/the-backbone-network-toolkit.html

16. Packet switching - Very high-speed Backbone Network Service (vBNS) 1 The very high-speed Backbone Network Service (vBNS) came on line in April 1995 as part of a National Science Foundation (NSF) sponsored project to provide high- speed interconnection between NSF- sponsored supercomputing centers and select access points in the United States https://store.theartofservice.com/the-backbone-network-toolkit.html

17. Open Shortest Path First - Area border router 1 An area border router (ABR) is a router that connects one or more areas to the main backbone network. It is considered a member of all areas it is connected to. An ABR keeps multiple copies of the link-state database in memory, one for each area to which that router is connected. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-backbone-network-toolkit.html

18. Next-generation network - Implementations 1 On top of this, the THUS backbone network uses MPLS technology to deliver the highest possible performance https://store.theartofservice.com/the-backbone-network-toolkit.html

19. Leased line - History 1 Leased lines services (or private line services) became digital in the 1970s with the conversion of the Bell backbone network from analog to digital circuits. This conversion allowed AT&T to offer Dataphone Digital Services (later re- branded digital data services) that started the deployment of ISDN and T1 lines to customer premises to connect. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-backbone-network-toolkit.html

20. National research and education network - Scandinavia 1 NORDUnet - Nordic backbone network https://store.theartofservice.com/the-backbone-network-toolkit.html

21. Merit Network - National networking, NSFNET, and the Internet: 1986 to 1995 1 In 1987, Merit, IBM and MCI submitted a winning proposal to NSF to implement a new NSFNET backbone network. The new NSFNET backbone network service began 1 July 1988. It interconnected supercomputing centers around the country at 1.5 megabits per second (T1), 24 times faster than the 56 kilobits-per-second speed of the previous network. The NSFNET backbone grew to link scientists and educators on university campuses nationwide and connect them to their counterparts around the world. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-backbone-network-toolkit.html

22. Merit Network - Transition to the commercial Internet, Internet2 and the vBNS: 1994 to 2005 1 In 1996 Merit became an affiliate member of Internet2, in 1997 established its first connection to the NSF very high-speed Backbone Network Service (vBNS), and in February 1999 began serving as Michigan's GigaPOP for Internet2 service. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-backbone-network-toolkit.html

23. Merit Network - Creating a facilities based network, adding new services: 2003 to the present 1 In July 2008, Merit began upgrading its core backbone network to 10 gigabits and installing five new Juniper MX480 routers https://store.theartofservice.com/the-backbone-network-toolkit.html

24. National Science Foundation Network - History 1 Using this three tier network architecture NSFNET would provide access between the supercomputer centers and other sites over the backbone network at no cost to the centers or to the regional networks using the open TCP/IP protocols initially deployed successfully on the ARPANET. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-backbone-network-toolkit.html

25. National Science Foundation Network - Privatization and a new network architecture 1 After the transition, network traffic was carried on any of several commercial backbone networks, internetMCI, PSINet, SprintLink, ANSNet, and others. Traffic between networks was exchanged at four Network Access Points or NAPs. The NAPs were located in New York (actually New Jersey), Washington, D.C., Chicago, and San Jose and run by Sprint, MFS Datanet, Ameritech, and Pacific Bell. The NAPs were the forerunners of modern Internet exchange points. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-backbone-network-toolkit.html

26. National Science Foundation Network - Privatization and a new network architecture 1 The former NSFNET regional networks could connect to any of the new backbone networks or directly to the NAPs, but in either case they would need to pay for their own connections. NSF provided some funding for the NAPs and interim funding to help the regional networks make the transition, but did not fund the new backbone networks directly. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-backbone-network-toolkit.html

27. National Science Foundation Network - Privatization and a new network architecture 1 To continue its promotion of advanced networking technology the NSF conducted a solicitation to create a very high-speed Backbone Network Service (vBNS) that, like NSFNET before it, would focus on providing service to the research and education community https://store.theartofservice.com/the-backbone-network-toolkit.html

28. Computer networking - Geographic scale 1 For example, a large company might implement a backbone network to connect departments that are located around the world. The equipment that ties together the departmental networks constitutes the network backbone. When designing a network backbone, Network performance management|network performance and network congestion are critical factors to take into account. Normally, the backbone network's capacity is greater than that of the individual networks connected to it. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-backbone-network-toolkit.html

29. Gigabit Ethernet - History 1 Initially, gigabit Ethernet was deployed in high-capacity backbone network links (for instance, on a high-capacity campus network). In 2000, Apple Computer|Apple's Power Mac G4 and PowerBook G4 were the first mass- produced personal computers featuring the 1000BASE-T connection. It quickly became a built-in feature in many other computers. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-backbone-network-toolkit.html

30. Gigabit Ethernet - History 1 Higher bandwidth 10 Gigabit Ethernet standards have since become available as the IEEE ratified a fiber-based standard in 2002, and a twisted pair standard in 2006., 10Gb Ethernet is replacing 1Gb as the backbone network and has begun to migrate down to high-end server systems. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-backbone-network-toolkit.html

31. History of the Internet 1 The research and education community continues to develop and use advanced networks such as NSF's VBNS|very high speed Backbone Network Service (vBNS), Internet2, and National LambdaRail https://store.theartofservice.com/the-backbone-network-toolkit.html

32. History of the Internet - Opening the network to commerce 1 NSF also sponsored the VBNS|very high speed Backbone Network Service (vBNS) which continued to provide support for the supercomputing centers and research and education in the United States.[http://w2.eff.org/Infrastructure/Govt_d ocs/nsf_nren.rfp NSF Solicitation 93-52] – Network Access Point Manager, Routing Arbiter, Regional Network Providers, and Very High Speed Backbone Network Services Provider for NSFNET and the NREN(SM) Program, May 6, 1993 https://store.theartofservice.com/the-backbone-network-toolkit.html

33. E-mail - U.S. government 1 The National Science Foundation took over operations of the ARPANET and Internet from the Department of Defense, and initiated NSFNet, a new backbone network|backbone for the network https://store.theartofservice.com/the-backbone-network-toolkit.html

34. MapReduce - Distribution and reliability 1 The reduce operations operate much the same way. Because of their inferior properties with regard to parallel operations, the master node attempts to schedule reduce operations on the same node, or in the same rack as the node holding the data being operated on. This property is desirable as it conserves bandwidth across the backbone network of the datacenter. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-backbone-network-toolkit.html

35. Verisign - 2005 Retains.net domain 1 They proposed Verisign continue to manage the.net DNS due to its critical importance as the domain underlying numerous backbone network services https://store.theartofservice.com/the-backbone-network-toolkit.html

36. Vodafone - Asia-Pacific 1 In December 2004, Vodafone Australia agreed to deploy high-speed Multiprotocol Label Switching|MPLS backbone network built by Lucent#Divisions|Lucent Worldwide Services using Juniper Networks|Juniper hardware.[ http://www.3g.co.uk/PR/December2004/8758. htm Vodafone Australia 3G Core Data Network], 3g.co.uk, 2 December 2004. Retrieved 08/07/2008. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-backbone-network-toolkit.html

37. Backbone network 1 A 'backbone network' or 'network backbone' is a part of computer network infrastructure that interconnects various pieces of network, providing a path for the exchange of information between different LANs or subnetworks.[http://searchsmb.techtarget.com/sD efinition/0,,sid44_gci211629,00.html What is a Backbone?], Whatis.com, Accessed: June 25, 2007 A backbone can tie together diverse networks in the same building, in different buildings in a campus environment, or over wide areas https://store.theartofservice.com/the-backbone-network-toolkit.html

38. Backbone network 1 A large corporation that has many locations may have a backbone network that ties all of the locations together, for example, if a server cluster needs to be accessed by different departments of a company that are located at different geographical locations. The pieces of the network connections (for example: ethernet, wireless) that bring these departments together is often mentioned as network backbone. Network congestion is often taken into consideration while designing backbones. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-backbone-network-toolkit.html

39. Dense WDM - WDM systems 1 WDM systems are popular with Telephone company|telecommunications companies because they allow them to expand the capacity of the network without laying more fiber. By using WDM and optical amplifiers, they can accommodate several generations of technology development in their optical infrastructure without having to overhaul the backbone network. Capacity of a given link can be expanded simply by upgrades to the multiplexers and demultiplexers at each end. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-backbone-network-toolkit.html

40. Core network 1 Typically the term refers to the high capacity communication facilities that connect primary nodes. Core/backbone network provides paths for the exchange of information between different sub- networks. For enterprise private networks serving one organization, the term backbone is more used, while for service providers, the term core network is more used. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-backbone-network-toolkit.html

41. Core network 1 Core/backbone network usually has a mesh topology that provides any-to-any connections among devices on the network. Many main service providers would have their own core/backbone networks, that are interconnected. Some large enterprises have their own core/backbone network, which are typically connected to the public networks. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-backbone-network-toolkit.html

42. Core network 1 For enterprise backbone network, Gigabit Ethernet or 10 Gigabit Ethernet technologies are also often used. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-backbone-network-toolkit.html

43. EFTel - History 1 Datafast commenced as a trunked radio network operator in Victoria. From 1999 to 2001, it developed a 34Mbit/s ATM backbone network in western Victoria. Ultimately the network extended to Mount Gambier in South Australia, with a hub in Melbourne and links to other state capitals. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-backbone-network-toolkit.html

44. Next-generation network - Implementations 1 On top of this, the THUS backbone network uses MPLS technology to deliver the highest possible performance https://store.theartofservice.com/the-backbone-network-toolkit.html

45. Universal Mobile Telecommunications System - Core network 1 The CN can be connected to various backbone networks, such as the Internet or an Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) telephone network. UMTS (and GERAN) include the three lowest layers of OSI model. The network layer (OSI 3) includes the Radio Resource Management protocol (RRM) that manages the bearer channels between the mobile terminals and the fixed network, including the handovers. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-backbone-network-toolkit.html

46. China Next Generation Internet - Current status 1 As of October 2009, the CNGI effort comprises six nationwide backbone networks and 39 GigaPOPs (Gigapop is short for gigabit point-of-presence, an access point to Internet2), which extends the next generation footprint to over 20 major cities and over 300 academic, industrial, and government research campuses within China https://store.theartofservice.com/the-backbone-network-toolkit.html

47. Audio over Ethernet 1 It is designed to replace bulky snake cables and fixed wiring, and instead use a standard network structured cabling in a facility, providing a reliable Backbone network|backbone for any audio application, such as for large-scale sound reinforcement in stadiums, airports and convention centers, multiple studios or stage (theatre)|stages. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-backbone-network-toolkit.html

48. DSLAM - Role of the DSLAM 1 The aggregated traffic is then directed to a telco's Backbone network|backbone switch, via an access network (AN), also called a Network service provider|Network Service Provider (NSP), at up to 10 Gbit/s data rates. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-backbone-network-toolkit.html

49. XS4All - Radikal Magazine 1 On April 11, 1997, one of the largest German ISPs, the Deutsches Forschungsnetz (DFN) academic backbone network, started an Internet Protocol|IP-filtering blockade against XS4ALL https://store.theartofservice.com/the-backbone-network-toolkit.html

50. Backhaul (telecommunications) 1 In a hierarchical telecommunications network the 'backhaul' portion of the network comprises the intermediate links between the core network, or backbone network and the small subnetworks at the edge of the entire hierarchical network. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-backbone-network-toolkit.html

51. T-Mobile UK - Merger with Orange UK 1 T-Mobile's UK network is also used as the backbone network behind Virgin Mobile (the world's first mobile virtual network operator|virtual mobile operator), for both 2G and 3G signals. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-backbone-network-toolkit.html

52. Internet backbone - Architectural principles 1 The Internet, and consequently its backbone networks, do not rely on central control or coordinating facilities, nor do they implement any global network policies https://store.theartofservice.com/the-backbone-network-toolkit.html

53. Internet backbone - Infrastructure 1 In 1998, all of the United States backbone networks had utilized the slowest data rate of 45 Mbit/s https://store.theartofservice.com/the-backbone-network-toolkit.html

54. Internet backbone - Modern backbone 1 Because of the enormous overlap between long-distance telephone networks and backbone networks, the largest long- distance voice carriers such as ATT Inc., MCI Communications|MCI, Sprint Nextel|Sprint, and CenturyLink also own some of the largest Internet backbone networks. These backbone providers sell their services to Internet service providers(ISPs). https://store.theartofservice.com/the-backbone-network-toolkit.html

55. Internet backbone - Caucasus 1 Certain countries around Caucasus have very simple backbone networks; for example, in 2011, a woman in Georgia (country)|Georgia pierced a fiber backbone line with a shovel and left the neighboring country of Armenia without Internet access for 12 hours. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-backbone-network-toolkit.html

56. T-Mobile - United Kingdom 1 T-Mobile UK's network is also used as the backbone network behind the Virgin Mobile virtual network. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-backbone-network-toolkit.html

57. Packet-switched - NSFNET 1 The National Science Foundation Network (NSFNET) was a program of coordinated, evolving projects sponsored by the National Science Foundation (NSF) beginning in 1985 to promote advanced research and education networking in the United States.[http://www.nsfnet-legacy.org/ NSFNET: The Partnership That Changed The World], Web site for an event held to celebrate the NSFNET, November 2007 NSFNET was also the name given to several nationwide backbone networks operating at speeds of 56 kbit/s, 1.5 Mbit/s (T1), and 45 Mbit/s (T3) that were constructed to support NSF's networking initiatives from 1985-1995 https://store.theartofservice.com/the-backbone-network-toolkit.html

58. Packet-switched - Very high-speed Backbone Network Service (vBNS) 1 The very high-speed Backbone Network Service (vBNS) came on line in April 1995 as part of a National Science Foundation (NSF) sponsored project to provide high-speed interconnection between NSF- sponsored Supercomputer|supercomputing centers and select access points in the United States.[http://w2.eff.org/Infrastructure/Govt_docs/nsf_n ren.rfp NSF Solicitation 93-52] - Network Access Point Manager, Routing Arbiter, Regional Network Providers, and Very High Speed Backbone Network Services Provider for NSFNET and the NREN(SM) Program, May 6, 1993 The network was engineered and operated by MCI Communications|MCI Telecommunications under a cooperative agreement with the NSF https://store.theartofservice.com/the-backbone-network-toolkit.html

59. Rostelecom 1 Rostelecom has the largest domestic backbone network and last-mile connections to approximately 43 million households in Russia https://store.theartofservice.com/the-backbone-network-toolkit.html

60. Rostelecom - History 1 In 2004, Rostelecom completed the modernization of the main legs of its Moscow � Khabarovsk and Moscow � Novorossiysk backbone network, increasing its bandwidth capacity four � fold. The total length of the upgraded lines was 15,300km.Svyazinvest- The FIFTH INTERNATIONAL https://store.theartofservice.com/the-backbone-network-toolkit.html

61. Rostelecom - Operations 1 Rostelecom has the largest domestic backbone network (approximately 600 thousand km) and last mile connections to approximately 35 million households in Russia. The Company holds licences to provide a wide range of telecommunications services (telephony, data, TV and value- added solutions) to residential, corporate and governmental subscribers and third party operators across all regions of the Russian Federation.Rostelecom: From an outsider https://store.theartofservice.com/the-backbone-network-toolkit.html

62. Rostelecom - Land network 1 The company owns and operates the country’s most extensive nationwide fiber- optic backbone network, about 160,000km in lengths. By cable the network is connected to countries in Europe and East Asia. Rostelecom has direct international access to over 100 https://store.theartofservice.com/the-backbone-network-toolkit.html

63. Fiber to the telecom enclosure 1 'Fiber to the telecom enclosure' (FTTE), also sometimes called 'fiber to the zone' (FTTZ), or 'fibre to the cabinet' (FTTC) in the UK is a standards-compliant structured cabling system architecture that extends the optical fiber backbone network from the equipment room, through the telecommunication|telecom room, and directly to a 19-inch rack|telecommunications enclosure (TE) installed in a common space to serve a number of users in a work area. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-backbone-network-toolkit.html

64. MBONE 1 'Mbone' (short for multicast backbone) was an experimental Backbone network|backbone for carrying IP multicast traffic on the Internet https://store.theartofservice.com/the-backbone-network-toolkit.html

65. On Telecoms - Infrastructure 1 On Telecoms has deployed a backbone network, based entirely on IP/MPLS (Internet Protocol), using up to 10 Gbit/s bandwidth interconnection. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-backbone-network-toolkit.html

66. Jeremy Rifkin - China 1 The announcement made on December 5, 2013 by Chairman of the State Grid Corporation, Liu Zhenya, of the decision to introduce the energy Internet as the “intercontinental backbone network” for a new economic era marks a game changing moment in the history of China https://store.theartofservice.com/the-backbone-network-toolkit.html

67. ARINC 825 - Role of CAN in Commercial Air Transport and General Aviation Aircraft 1 General Aviation system architectures employ CAN as one of the major avionics buses or even as the avionics backbone network https://store.theartofservice.com/the-backbone-network-toolkit.html

68. Traffic Message Channel - Poland 1 The location table includes future changes in the backbone network until the end of 2013. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-backbone-network-toolkit.html

69. FOUNDATION fieldbus 1 * LD - Linking Device, alternatively used with HSE networks to terminate 4-8 H1 segments acting as a gateway to an HSE backbone network. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-backbone-network-toolkit.html

70. Profibus - Origin 1 The much faster DP acts as a backbone network for transmitting process signals to the controller https://store.theartofservice.com/the-backbone-network-toolkit.html

71. Session border controller 1 Early deployments of SBCs were focused on the borders between two service provider networks in a peering environment. This role has now expanded to include significant deployments between a service provider's access network and a backbone network to provide service to residential and/or enterprise customers. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-backbone-network-toolkit.html

72. Hierarchical routing - Description 1 Most corporate intranets consist of a high speed backbone network https://store.theartofservice.com/the-backbone-network-toolkit.html

73. OSPF - Area border router 1 An area border router (ABR) is a router that connects one or more areas to the main backbone network. It is considered a member of all areas it is connected to. An ABR keeps multiple copies of the link-state database in memory, one for each area to which that router is connected. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-backbone-network-toolkit.html

74. Electronic mail - U.S. government 1 The National Science Foundation took over operations of the ARPANET and Internet from the Department of Defense, and initiated NSFNet, a new backbone network|backbone for the network https://store.theartofservice.com/the-backbone-network-toolkit.html

75. Coriant - History 1 The enterprise is selling hardware and software for optical transmission in the Backbone network of voice, data and mobile networks. These are mainly the products hiT 7300 for optical multiplexing DWDM over fiber optic cables, hiT 7100 for electrical cross connection of optical paths and hiT 70xx for multi service provisioning. Software products for management and planning are TNMS (network management) and Transnet/Transconnect (network planning). https://store.theartofservice.com/the-backbone-network-toolkit.html

76. QorIQ - P4 1 The 'P4 series' is a high performance networking platform, designed for backbone networking and enterprise level Network switch|switching and router (computing)|routing https://store.theartofservice.com/the-backbone-network-toolkit.html

77. MPLS VPN - Point-to-point (pseudowire) 1 * forwarding non-routed DNP3 traffic across the backbone network to the SCADA master controller. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-backbone-network-toolkit.html

78. Frame Relay - Technical description 1 Frame Relay often serves to connect local area networks (LANs) with major backbone network|backbones as well as on public wide-area networks (WANs) and also in private network environments with leased lines over T-1 lines https://store.theartofservice.com/the-backbone-network-toolkit.html

79. EtherChannel 1 EtherChannel is primarily used in the backbone network, but can also be used to connect end user machines. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-backbone-network-toolkit.html

80. Global Crossing 1 It maintained a large backbone network and offered peering|transit and peering links, Virtual private network (VPN), leased lines, audio and video conferencing, long distance telephone, managed services, dialup, colocation centre|colocation and VoIP https://store.theartofservice.com/the-backbone-network-toolkit.html

81. Global Crossing 1 Global Crossing was the first global communications provider with IPv6 natively deployed in both its private and public backbone networks. It is legally domiciled in Bermuda, although its administrative headquarters is in New Jersey. On October 3, 2011, the company was acquired by Level 3 Communications. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-backbone-network-toolkit.html

82. Free space optical communications - Flight test 1 an Unmanned aerial vehicle|Unmanned Aerial Vehicle UAV) to the ground or in the interconnection of stratospheric platforms to build up high-performance backbone networks https://store.theartofservice.com/the-backbone-network-toolkit.html

83. Dagestan - Economy 1 In 2011 Rostelecom started implementation of Wavelength-division multiplexing|WDM-based equipment on the backbone network for data transmission in the Republic of Dagestan. Due to WDM introduction the fiber-optic communication lines bandwidth increased to 2.5 Gbit/s. Rostelecom invested about 48 million rubles in the project.Broadband Russia Newslatter https://store.theartofservice.com/the-backbone-network-toolkit.html

84. Wireless local loop - Licensed Points to Point Microwave service 1 This service typically was prohibitively expensive to be used for Local Loop, and was used for backbone networks https://store.theartofservice.com/the-backbone-network-toolkit.html

85. Point-to-point (network topology) - Bus 1 ::The type of network topology in which all of the nodes of the network are connected to a common transmission medium which has exactly two endpoints (this is the 'bus', which is also commonly referred to as the Backbone network|backbone, or trunk (telecommunications)|trunk)– all data that is transmitted between nodes in the network is transmitted over this common transmission medium and is able to be Receiver (Information Theory)|received by all nodes in the network simultaneously. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-backbone-network-toolkit.html

86. Economy of Mozambique - Telecommunication 1 Further improvements can be expected from the ongoing rollout of 3G mobile services and a national fibre backbone network as well as the landing of the second international fibre (EASSy) in 2010 https://store.theartofservice.com/the-backbone-network-toolkit.html

87. 5-4-3 rule 1 The '5-4-3 rule' also referred to as the 'IEEE way' (contrary to the #Ethernet way|Ethernet way) is a design guideline for Ethernet computer networks covering the number of repeaters and network segment|segments on shared-access Ethernet backbone network|backbones in a tree topology. It means that in a collision domain there should be at most 5 segments tied together with 4 repeaters, with 3 segments containing active senders (i.e. Terminal (telecommunication)|terminals). https://store.theartofservice.com/the-backbone-network-toolkit.html

88. FUNET 1 'FUNET' is the Finland|Finnish NREN|University and Research Network, a backbone network providing Internet connections for List_of_universities_in_Finland|Finnish universities and List of polytechnics in Finland|polytechnics as well as other research facilities https://store.theartofservice.com/the-backbone-network-toolkit.html

89. FUNET 1 Subscriber connections are mainly 1000 or 100 Mbit/s Ethernet, but also 10G links and dedicated Wavelength_switched_optical_network|lig htpaths are offered, as parts of the FUNET backbone network between cities can support up to 40 x 10G channels https://store.theartofservice.com/the-backbone-network-toolkit.html

90. Internet in Russia - Backbone 1 On October 2010 mobile operator MegaFon has selected Huawei NE5000E routers to construct backbone nodes for a 40-Gbit/s IP/MPLS network in Russia' s largest cities, including Moscow and St. Petersburg, Huawei says. Meanwhile, Megafon also announced the opening of what it touts as Russia’s largest data center in Samara, Russia|Samara.Russia's MegaFon opens data center, plans IP/MPLS backbone network, October 6, 2010 https://store.theartofservice.com/the-backbone-network-toolkit.html

91. Internet in Russia - Backbone 1 Until 2011 the backbone network in Russia was based on DWDM technology with a capacity of 10 and 40 Gbit/s https://store.theartofservice.com/the-backbone-network-toolkit.html

92. National broadband plans from around the world - Canada 1 CANARIE remains Canada's only publicly funded backbone network https://store.theartofservice.com/the-backbone-network-toolkit.html

93. National broadband plans from around the world - Spain 1 :F2: Projects intended to improve speed and capacity of rural backbone networks https://store.theartofservice.com/the-backbone-network-toolkit.html

94. Virgin Media - NTL 1 By 2005 NTL's UK network consisted of a 7,800km optical fiber|fibre backbone network|backbone with the potential to reach 8.4million residential homes and around 610,000 businesses https://store.theartofservice.com/the-backbone-network-toolkit.html

95. Network backbone - Distributed backbone 1 BICSI Lan Design Manual - CD-ROM, Issue 1, Distributed backbone network, p.20[http://etidweb.tamu.edu/cdrom3/CHA PTER8.PDF], 1996, accessed May, 7 2011. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-backbone-network-toolkit.html

96. Network backbone - Distributed backbone 1 There is the possibility of single points of failure, referring to connectivity devices high in the series hierarchy. The distributed backbone must be designed to separate network traffic circulating on each individual LAN from the backbone network traffic by using access devices such as routers and bridges. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-backbone-network-toolkit.html

97. Network backbone - Collapsed backbone 1 A collapsed backbone (inverted backbone, backbone-in-a-box) is a type of backbone network architecture. The traditional backbone network goes over the globe to provide interconnectivity to the remote hubs. In most cases, the backbones are the links while the switching or routing functions are done by the equipment at each hub. It is a distributed architecture. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-backbone-network-toolkit.html

98. Network backbone - Parallel backbone 1 Parallel backbones are more expensive than other backbone networks because they require more cabling than the other Network topology|network topologies https://store.theartofservice.com/the-backbone-network-toolkit.html

99. Network backbone - Serial backbone 1 (2010) Network+ Guide to Networks, Fifth Edition The serial backbone topology could be used for enterprise-wide networks, though it is rarely implemented for that purpose.[http://www.angelfire.com/mech/p hattony/enterprise.htm], Backbone Networks https://store.theartofservice.com/the-backbone-network-toolkit.html

100. Cyberwarfare in the United States - China 1 In 2013, Edward Snowden, a former systems administrator for the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) and a counterintelligence trainer at the Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA), revealed that the United States government had hacked into Chinese mobile phone companies to collect text messages and had spied on Tsinghua University, one of China’s biggest research institutions, as well as home to one of China’s six major backbone networks, the China Education and Research Network (CERNET), from where internet data from millions of Chinese citizens could be mined https://store.theartofservice.com/the-backbone-network-toolkit.html

101. TeraGrid - History 1 In October 2002, the Pittsburgh Supercomputing Center (PSC) at Carnegie Mellon University and the University of Pittsburgh joined the TeraGrid as major new partners when NSF announced $35 million in supplementary funding. The TeraGrid network was transformed through the ETF project from a 4-site Mesh networking|mesh to a dual-hub backbone network with connection points in Los Angeles and at the Starlight facilities in Chicago. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-backbone-network-toolkit.html

102. TeraGrid - Architecture 1 TeraGrid uses a 10 Gigabits per second dedicated fiber-optical backbone network, with hubs in Chicago, Denver, and Los Angeles. All resource provider sites connect to a backbone node at 10 Gigabits per second. Users accessed the facility through national research networks such as the Internet2 Abilene Network|Abilene backbone and National LambdaRail. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-backbone-network-toolkit.html

103. Bearer Independent Call Control 1 The 'Bearer-Independent Call Control' ('BICC') is a signaling protocol based on N-ISUP that is used for supporting narrowband Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) service over a broadband backbone network. BICC is designed to interwork with existing transport technologies. BICC is specified in ITU-T recommendation Q.1901. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-backbone-network-toolkit.html

104. Abilene Network 1 'Abilene Network' was a high-performance backbone network created by the Internet2 community in the late 1990s. In 2007 the Abilene Network was retired and the upgraded network became known as the Internet2 Network. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-backbone-network-toolkit.html

105. Bit-stream access 1 Thus, bit-stream access is a wholesale product consisting of the access (typically ADSL) and “Backhaul (telecommunications)|backhaul” services of the (data) backbone network (ATM, IP backbone). https://store.theartofservice.com/the-backbone-network-toolkit.html

106. NSFNET 1 The 'National Science Foundation Network' ('NSFNET') was a program of coordinated, evolving projects sponsored by the National Science Foundation (NSF) beginning in 1985 to promote advanced research and education networking in the United States.[http://www.nsfnet- legacy.org/ NSFNET: The Partnership That Changed The World], Web site for an event held to celebrate the NSFNET, November 2007 NSFNET was also the name given to several nationwide backbone networks that were constructed to support NSF's networking initiatives from 1985- 1995 https://store.theartofservice.com/the-backbone-network-toolkit.html

107. NSFNET - History 1 Using this three tier network architecture NSFNET would provide access between the supercomputer centers and other sites over the backbone network at no cost to the centers or to the regional networks using the open TCP/IP protocols initially deployed successfully on the ARPANET. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-backbone-network-toolkit.html

108. NSFNET - The 56-kbit/s backbone 1 As regional networks grew the 56 K-bit/sec NSFNET backbone experienced rapid increases in network traffic and became seriously congested. In June 1987 NSF issued a new solicitation to upgrade and expand NSFNET.NSF 87-37: Project Solicitation for Management and Operation of the NSFNET Backbone Network, June 15, 1987. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-backbone-network-toolkit.html

109. NSFNET - Privatization and a new network architecture 1 On April 30, 1995, the NSFNET Backbone Service had been successfully transitioned to a new architecture[http://w2.eff.org/Infrastructure/ Govt_docs/nsf_nren.rfp NSF Solicitation 93-52] - Network Access Point Manager, Routing Arbiter, Regional Network Providers, and Very High Speed Backbone Network Services Provider for NSFNET and the NREN(SM) Program, May 6, 1993 and the NSFNET backbone was decommissioned.[http://www.merit.edu/net workresearch/projecthistory/nsfnet/nsfnet_ article.php Retiring the NSFNET Backbone Service: Chronicling the End of an Era], Susan R https://store.theartofservice.com/the-backbone-network-toolkit.html

110. NSFNET - Privatization and a new network architecture 1 After the transition, network traffic was carried on any of several commercial backbone networks, MCI Communications|internetMCI, PSINet, SprintLink, ANSNet, and others https://store.theartofservice.com/the-backbone-network-toolkit.html

111. NSFNET - Privatization and a new network architecture 1 To continue its promotion of advanced networking technology the NSF conducted a solicitation to create a VBNS|very high- speed Backbone Network Service (vBNS) that, like NSFNET before it, would focus on providing service to the research and education community https://store.theartofservice.com/the-backbone-network-toolkit.html

112. Next Generation Networking - Implementations 1 On top of this, the THUS backbone network uses MPLS technology to deliver the highest possible performance https://store.theartofservice.com/the-backbone-network-toolkit.html

113. Frame-Relay - Technical description 1 Frame relay often serves to connect local area networks (LANs) with major backbone network|backbones, as well as on public wide-area networks (WANs) and also in private network environments with leased lines over T-1 lines https://store.theartofservice.com/the-backbone-network-toolkit.html

114. AARNet - History 1 AARNet introduced its 'value added reseller' program to allow Internet service providers (ISPs) to use its network, the first being Connect.com.au in May, 1994. AARNet gradually became a wholesale backbone network|backbone ISP, serving over 300 smaller ISPs by June1995. At that point, about 20% of total AARNet traffic was from these other users, and AVCC decided to sell the AARNet commercial assets to Telstra, who currently operates it under the name Telstra#Telstra Internet|Telstra Internet. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-backbone-network-toolkit.html

115. AARNet - The early years – building the Internet in Australia 1 *1990: AARNet national backbone network built from Brisbane to Perth, each link initially at 48kbit/s capacity, starring from a hub at the international Internet landing point at the University of Melbourne. AARNet national network was initially built as a multi-protocol layer 3 network, comprising Internet Protocol (IP) as well as DECnet and X.25 so as to accommodate the pre-existing ACSnet and SPEARnet networks. Connections to around 40 universities and CSIRO sites commissioned. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-backbone-network-toolkit.html

116. AARNet - National network 1 Because optical fibre repair times are long, the backbone network follows two physically diverse paths https://store.theartofservice.com/the-backbone-network-toolkit.html

117. Railtel Corporation of India 1 RailTel has rolled out a transparent, robust, reliable, high speed OFC Backbone network|Backbone Network covering about 32000km now and ultimately covering 45,000km across the country by 2010. Over 3200 cities and towns have been connected on the network. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-backbone-network-toolkit.html

118. Railtel Corporation of India 1 The backbone networks have been configured in multiple 'self healing' rings consisting of more than large no. of rings and linear sections, which provide for redundancy by automatically redirecting traffic away from failed/ de-graded route for fault-free service. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-backbone-network-toolkit.html

119. Railtel Corporation of India 1 The IP services at more than 3000 POPs in the country will be extended through Ethernet interface available in the SDH networks at these locations which will intern be connected to MPLS-IP backbone network at the 40 cities https://store.theartofservice.com/the-backbone-network-toolkit.html

120. NTL Incorporated - NTL 1 By 2005 its UK network consisted of a 7,800km optical fiber|fibre backbone network|backbone with the potential to reach 8.4 million residential homes and around 610,000 businesses https://store.theartofservice.com/the-backbone-network-toolkit.html

121. Muxer - Telephony 1 Fiber in the loop (FITL) is a common method of multiplexing, which uses optical fiber as the Backbone network|backbone. It not only connects Plain old telephone service|POTS phone lines with the rest of the PSTN, but also replaces DSL by connecting directly to Ethernet wired into the home. Asynchronous Transfer Mode is often the communications protocol used. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-backbone-network-toolkit.html

122. National research and education network 1 It is usually distinguished by support for a high-speed backbone network, often offering dedicated channels for individual research projects. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-backbone-network-toolkit.html

123. National research and education network - Scandinavia 1 * NORDUnet - Nordic countries|Nordic backbone network https://store.theartofservice.com/the-backbone-network-toolkit.html

124. Cadiz, Negros Occidental - Transportation and Communication 1 There are two (2) telephone companies operating in the City, the Philippine Long Distance telephone Company (PLDT) located along Villena Street with a capacity of 1,500 lines and the Globe Fiber Optic Backbone Network (FOBN) support facility located along Cabahug Street. Cellular sites of Smart, Globe and Sun are also found in the City to cater for the wireless telephone system. The City has also 5 internet cafes. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-backbone-network-toolkit.html

125. For More Information, Visit: https://store.theartofservice.co m/the-backbone-network- toolkit.html https://store.theartofservice.co m/the-backbone-network- toolkit.html The Art of Service https://store.theartofservice.com