1. Shi’ism

2. Shīʻatu ʻAlī, followers of Ali 10-13% of Muslims 11-14% in the Middle East-North Africa region Around 70% of Shias live in Iran, Pakistan, India and Iraq. Major Sects: Imami (Twelvers) Ismailis (Seveners) Zaydis (Fivers) Twelvers, Ismailis and Zaidis Disagreements among Shiites arose mostly concerning the line of succession of the imamate and the nature of the Hidden Imam

6. Shi’ite Belief on Succession God chose Ali to be Muhammad's successor Ali was Muhammad's cousin and closest living male relative as well as his son-in-law, married to Muhammad's daughter Fatimah The Farewell Pilgrimage Shia believe Mohammed appointed ali caliph

7. Sunni Belief Muhammad died without appointing a successor companions gathered and elected Abu Bakr, Muhammad's father-in-law, as the first Caliph. Caliph may be democratically chosen After the Rashidun, hereditary dynastic rule practiced

8. Islamic Civil Wars "Fitna of the Killing of Uthman" established the Umayyad dynasty. Uthman ibn Affan killed 656 Ali ibn Abi Talib becomes Caliph The Second Fitna,. 680 - 692. Husayn ibn Ali

9. Shi’ite Sects Twelver Shiism—Iran, Iraq, Lebanon, Bahrain. Hidden Imam (Mahdi) Quietism “pacifist” Changed with Ayatollah Khomeini.

10. Ismailis, second largest Shiite sect, broke off in the 8th century, recognizing only the first seven imams (the seventh was named Ismail) Afghanistan, India, Pakistan. Communities in East and South Africa. Zaydis (Fivers) mostly found in Yemen. Reject the concepts of the imams’ infallibility and of a “hidden imam.”

11. Alawites, mostly in Syria and Lebanon. T Alawites interpret the pillars (duties) of Islam as symbolic rather than applied Alevis, Turkey The Druze community was an eleventh- century offshoot of Ismaili Shiite Islam and is concentrated in Lebanon, Jordan, Syria, Israel, Palestine

12. Hidden Imam Muhammad ibn Hasan al-Mahdī believed by Twelvers Shī‘a Muslims to be the Mahdī, savior of humankind who will emerge with Isa (Jesus) bringing peace and justice to the world. al-Mahdī born 869 Minor Occultation, Imam hidden on earth for 70 years Sunni and other minority Shias believe that the Mahdi has not yet been born disappeared from earth in about 939 CE. "greater occultation" spiritually present

13. Political Shi’ism Continual reinterpretation of doctrine. Khomeini's velayat-e faqih, political guardianship of the community of believers by scholars The clergy, by virtue of their superior knowledge of the laws of God, are the best qualified to rule the society of believers who are preparing themselves on earth to live eternally in heaven. velayat-e faqih provides the doctrinal basis for theocratic government,