1. 5.2 Mitosis and Cytokinesis Keystone Review: Which of the following molecules is represented in the image? A) Lipid B) carbohydrate C) nucleic acid D) protein

2. 5.2 Mitosis and Cytokinesis Updates: 8.3 power notes/reinforcement due Monday Homework: –Quizzes continue Tuesday 5.1, 8.3 –Cell surface area/volume due Tuesday AAP: Tuesday and Thursday Reschedule tests ASAP! Last call for unit 5 absent work Monday!

3. 5.2 Mitosis and Cytokinesis LEQ: How does a eukaryotic cell divide? Activator: rotating starter –How much can you remember about the cell cycle and DNA replication? –Write a statement down, group proofreads… –Pass it to the next member! –How many times can you make it through the group? Key terms – interphase, chromatid, phases of mitosis (various), cytokinesis

4. 5.2 Mitosis and Cytokinesis Discussion: Human chromosome 2 What is a chromosome? Do all animals share the same number of chromosomes in their cells? What is the significance of chromosome 2 in human evolution? What is a telomere? What is a centromere? How were these used to prove humans’ common ancestry with apes?

5. 5.2 Mitosis and Cytokinesis Parent cell centrioles spindle fibers centrosome nucleus with DNA Interphase prepares the cell to divide. –G1–G1 –S–S –G2–G2 Mitosis and cytokinesis produce genetically identical daughter cell (clones) in many eukaryotes.

6. 5.2 Mitosis and Cytokinesis Chromosomes condense at the start of mitosis. A chromosome is a DNA molecule associated with protein. Chromosomes come in duplicated and unduplicated forms DNA double helix DNA and histones Chromatin Supercoiled DNA

7. 5.2 Mitosis and Cytokinesis Chromosome terms: Chromatid - One half of a duplicated chromosome Sister chromatids form during S phase (duplicated, right) –held together at the centromere. –Telomeres are the ends of linear chromosomes Condensed, duplicated chromosome chromatid telomere centromere telomere

8. 5.2 Mitosis and Cytokinesis Mitosis aims to preserve chromosome set number: A sexually reproducing organism inherits a complete chromosome set (all genes) from each parent: –Humans (23) + (23) = 46 (diploid number) –Onions = 8

9. 5.2 Mitosis and Cytokinesis Focus on Mitosis: The nucleus – when is it disassembled, when does it reappear? Chromosomes – how do they move, when do chromatids separate? Mitotic Spindle – how does it assist in mitosis?

10. 5.2 Mitosis and Cytokinesis

11. Updates: Cell surface area/volume due Tuesday Homework: –5.2 power notes/reinforcement due wed –Quizzes continue Thursday: 5.2 AAP: Tuesday and Thursday

12. 5.2 Mitosis and Cytokinesis LEQ: How does a eukaryotic cell divide? Activator: rotating starter –How much can you remember about the cell cycle and DNA replication? –Write a statement down, group proofreads… –Pass it to the next member! –How many times can you make it through the group? Key terms – mitosis

13. 5.2 Mitosis and Cytokinesis A look ahead: Lab Interphase “I-ball” Parent cell centrioles spindle fibers centrosome nucleus with DNA

14. 5.2 Mitosis and Cytokinesis Prophase “pile”

15. 5.2 Mitosis and Cytokinesis Metaphase “middle”

16. 5.2 Mitosis and Cytokinesis Anaphase “apart”

17. 5.2 Mitosis and Cytokinesis Telophase “two piles”

18. 5.2 Mitosis and Cytokinesis Mitosis/onion tissue lab: Search “Online Onion Root Tips”: complete table as group and submit to me; revisit and practice often Practice rotating objectives and adjusting focus knobs Observe tissue under high power (40x) Identify cells in each stage of the cell cycle Signature required for each image

19. 5.2 Mitosis and Cytokinesis Updates: 5.2 power notes/reinforcement due wed Homework: –Quizzes continue Thursday: 5.2 –Spindle article: annotate/highlight answer questions for Thursday AAP: Tuesday and Thursday

20. 5.2 Mitosis and Cytokinesis LEQ: How does a eukaryotic cell divide? Activator: rotating starter –How much can you remember about the cell cycle and DNA replication? –Write a statement down, group proofreads… –Pass it to the next member! –How many times can you make it through the group? Key terms – mitosis

21. 5.2 Mitosis and Cytokinesis

22. Keystone Review: Which of the following molecules is represented in the image? A) Lipid B) carbohydrate C) nucleic acid D) protein

23. 5.2 Mitosis and Cytokinesis Updates: Spindle article: annotate/highlight answer questions for Thursday Homework: –Reading 5.5; power notes due Friday –Quizzes continue Friday: 5.2 w/ writing –Lab due Friday AAP: next Tuesday and Thursday

24. 5.2 Mitosis and Cytokinesis Name the stage of the cell cycle: 5 images; only use once

25. 5.2 Mitosis and Cytokinesis

30. LEQ: How does a eukaryotic cell divide? Activator: Does chromosome number in a cell change during the cell cycle? If so, how? Key terms – cytokinesis

31. 5.2 Mitosis and Cytokinesis –Prophase: chromosomes condense, nucleus disassembles, spindle fibers form. Mitosis divides the cell’s nucleus in four phases:

32. 5.2 Mitosis and Cytokinesis

33. Metaphase: –chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell. –Poles organized around spindle fibers

34. 5.2 Mitosis and Cytokinesis Focus: Mitotic chromosomes

35. 5.2 Mitosis and Cytokinesis Anaphase: –sister chromatids separate, move to opposite sides of the cell. –Spindle fibers shorten in length

36. 5.2 Mitosis and Cytokinesis Telophase: –nuclei form, chromosomes uncoil –spindle disassembles

37. 5.2 Mitosis and Cytokinesis

38. Cytokinesis differs in animal and plant cells.

39. 5.2 Mitosis and Cytokinesis Summary: Briefly explain why the daughter cells resulting from binary fission and mitosis are genetically identical to each other and to the original cell. How does mitosis accomplish the production of daughter cells. –Be sure to address how genetic information is acquired

40. 5.2 Mitosis and Cytokinesis Cytokinesis differs in animal and plant cells. –Animals: the membrane pinches closed. –Plants: a cell wall forms.

41. 5.2 Mitosis and Cytokinesis

42. Updates: Unit guide 5.2 #1 – 4 due Homework: –Read 6.1; review chromosomal mutations 8.7 –Telomeres & aging due tomorrow –Unit 6 quiz 2 Tuesday Keystone Biology Exam: 5/20, 5/21

43. 5.2 Mitosis and Cytokinesis Keystone Review: Which of the following molecules is represented in the image? A) Lipid B) carbohydrate C) nucleic acid D) protein

44. 5.2 Mitosis and Cytokinesis LEQ: What are chromosomal mutations? Activator: Mitosis review questions Key terms – chromosomal deletion, chromosomal duplication, inversion, translocation

45. 5.2 Mitosis and Cytokinesis The cell cycle is controlled at checkpoints:

46. 5.2 Mitosis and Cytokinesis Abnormal chromosome structure is associated with genetic disease and cancer risk.

47. 5.2 Mitosis and Cytokinesis Abnormal chromosome structure is associated with disease and cancer… Large scale deletions are fatal Small scale deletions can cause disease: –Prader-Willi/Angelman syndrome deletes a segment on the long arm (q arm) of chromosome 15 resulting in mental retardation –Mitosis will copy this deletion into every cell of the body…

48. 5.2 Mitosis and Cytokinesis Abnormal chromosome structure is associated with disease and cancer… Duplications can arise when a segment of DNA is mistakenly copied: Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT) is common 1 in 2,500 Affects motor and sensory nerves often causing weakness in the feet and legs

49. 5.2 Mitosis and Cytokinesis Abnormal chromosome structure is associated with disease and cancer… An inversion involves a breakage of the chromosome in two places; the resulting piece is reverse-oriented and reinserted into the chromosome during DNA repair. CBF-AML or Core Binding Factor Acute Myeloid Leukemia is associated with an inversion in chromosome 16

50. 5.2 Mitosis and Cytokinesis Translocations exchange chromosome segments after DNA strands have been broken Example: Philadelphia chromosome

51. 5.2 Mitosis and Cytokinesis A chromosomal translocation results from the exchange of segments between chromosomes. Damages control genes of the cell cycle

52. 5.2 Mitosis and Cytokinesis Characteristics: –damage to DNA –Failed cell cycle control (regulation) –Uncontrolled division Cancer cells do not participate cooperatively in tissues.