1. The Classification of Species
Why classify animals?

2. What is classification?
To classify means to group similar things
What kinds of things do you classify in your life?
Ex. Different places in the kitchen for plates, cups, silverware, etc….
Ask the whole class the question “What is classification?” It was in the reading, but you should get an answer similar to the definition in the powerpoint. After you have taken a few answers, show the definition.
Ask the whole class to give you examples of how they use classification every day. If they are having trouble thinking of some, you can show them the example of classifying their clothes into shirts, sweaters, socks, etc. . . And putting those things in different drawers. We also classify movies, music, people, EVERYTHING. Make sure they understand that biologists are not the only ones who classify things, everyone does.

3. Classification the grouping of information or objects based on
Taxonomy is the science of grouping
and naming organisms.
Classification the grouping of
information or objects based on
similarities.

4. We only know about a fraction of the
organisms that exist or have existed on Earth.
Taxonomists give a unique scientific name to
each species whether it’s alive
today or extinct.
The scientific name comes from one of two
“dead” languages – Latin or ancient Greek.
Why use a dead language?

5. Mountain Lion

6. Devil Cat

7. Cougar

8. Ghost Cat

9. Puma

10. Catamount

11. Florida Panther

12. There are at least 50 common names for
the animal shown on the previous 7 slides.
Common names vary according to region.
Soooo……why use a scientific name?

13. Binomial nomenclature is a two-part scientific naming system.
uses Latin words
scientific names always written in italics (or underlined if written by hand)
two parts are the genus name and species name

14. "Formal" scientific names should have a third part, the authority
"Formal" scientific names should have a third part, the authority.     The authority is not italicized or underlined.
The authority is written as an abbreviation of the last name of the person responsible for naming the organism. Since Carolus Linnaeus was the first person to name many plants, the L. for Linnaeus is very common in plant scientific names.
An example is Quercus alba L.

15. Here is an PA example! Yet they are both a mountain lion!
University of Pittsburgh
Penn State University
Nittany Lion
Yet they are both a mountain lion!

16. Scientifically this animal is: Puma concolor M.

17. Let’s Practice… What is the common name?
10. Homo sapiens
11. Rattus rattus
12. Diceros bicornis Panthera tigris Equus zebra
1. Camelus dromedarius 2. Felis domesticus 3. Bos taurus 4. Elephas maximus 8. Giraffa camelopardalis 9. Panthera leo
Camel
Man
Cat
Rat
Cow
Rhinoceros
Elephant
Tiger
Giraffe
Zebra
Lion

18. Linnaeus’ classification system has seven levels.
Very
Broad
They are:
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Each level is included in the level above it.
Characteristics/traits get increasingly specific from kingdom to Species.
Very
Specific

19. How do you remember this?
King
Phillip
Came
Over
For
Good
Soup
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

20. Very
Broad
Here is an example for one animal  What animal is it?
Very
Specific

21. Ursus americanus American Black Bear
Binomial Nomenclature: “a two-name system”
First part of name: genus first letter always capitalized
Second part of name: species first letter always lowercase
Entire name is underlined and italicized
Names must be submitted for acceptance by original discoverer, and are generally Latin or Latinized

22. Do you know the Scientific name of this animal
Do you know the Scientific name of this animal? If not how could you figure it out?
Often Latin names contain clues about the type of organism being described.
Canis domesticus
And closely related organisms are often in the same genus, also giving clues about their names
Canis lupus
Some names are given after the discoverer, or the discovery location, or even a Latinized descriptive term in English
Canis domesticus
Canis lupus

23. Here is the classification for a Lion
Let’s classify. . .
Here is the classification for a Lion
Kingdom: Animalia (animal kingdom)
Phylum: Chordata (Vertebrates)
Class: Mammalia (mammals)
Order: Carnivora (carnivores)
Family: Felidae (cats)
Genus: Panthera
Species: leo
Scientific Name: Panthera leo
Explain that you only italicize genus and species names. The species name is considered the entire genus and specific epithet (which is the name for the last part of the species name). You don’t need to tell them it is called the specific epithet, though.

24. The Linnaean classification system has limitations.
Linnaeus taxonomy doesn’t account for molecular evidence (DNA).
The technology didn’t exist during Linneaus’ time.
Linnaean system based only on physical similarities.

25. What could you use to classify animals that might be more accurate than looks?
Physical similarities are not always the result of close relationships.
Genetic similarities more accurately show evolutionary relationships.

26. Ranking Versus Grouping
Rankings do not necessarily reflect evolutionary relationships (phylogeny)
Cladistics determines evolutionary relationships by grouping species on the basis of shared, quantifiable features (characteristics)
A clade is a group of species that share a set of characteristics

27. There are three basic assumptions in cladistics:
Organisms within a group are descended from a common ancestor.
There is a bifurcating pattern of cladogenesis.
Change in characteristics occurs in lineages over time.

28. Morphological Convergence
Evolution of similar body parts in different lineages, not in a common ancestor
Species may be grouped on the basis of similarities or differences in body form
Different lineages often have similar body parts, which may be evidence of descent from a shared ancestor

29. Morphological Convergence: Not all things with wings are the same…

30. Making Data Into Trees
Evolutionary biologists reconstruct phylogeny by determining which pathways of change have the fewest number of steps between species
Finding the simplest pathway (parsimony analysis) is the basic principle of cladistics

31. A. To get a sense of how parsamony analysis works think about simple shapes like these… They differ in color and shape.
C. Now organize them so that there are the least number of differences between objects that are next to one another.
B. If you shuffle these objects here are the only patterns that can be created.
D. Now choose the one that has the fewest total differences. In this one it is the middle arrangement.

32. Molecular evidence reveals species’ relatedness.
Molecular data may confirm classification based on physical similarities.
Molecular data may lead scientists to propose a new classification.
Before Cladistics
After Cladistics
DNA is usually given the last word by scientists.

34. Tetrapoda clade 1 Amniota clade 2 Reptilia clade 3 Diapsida clade 4
FOUR LIMBS WITH DIGITS
Tetrapoda clade 1
Amniota clade 2
Reptilia clade 3
Diapsida clade 4
Archosauria clade 5
EMBRYO PROTECTED BY AMNIOTIC FLUID
OPENING IN THE SIDE OF THE SKULL
SKULL OPENINGS IN FRONT OF THE EYE & IN THE JAW
FEATHERS & TOOTHLESS BEAKS.
SKULL OPENINGS BEHIND THE EYE
DERIVED CHARACTER

36. Cladogram Practice

37. F E
1. ______ Wings 2. ______ 6 Legs 3. ______ Seg. Body 4. ______ 2 wings
5. ______ Jumping Legs 6. ______ Crush mouth 7. ______ Legs 8. ______ Curly Ant. C D A B G H

38. Cells
Backbone
Legs
Hair
Opposable Thumbs
Slug
Catfish
Frog
Tiger
Human

39. Cells
Backbone
Legs
Hair
Opposable Thumbs
Slug Y N
Catfish
Frog
Tiger
Human

40. Cells Backbone Legs Hair Opposable Thumbs Slug Y N Catfish Frog Tiger
Human E D C B A

41. Cells Backbone Legs Hair Opposable Thumbs Slug Y N Catfish Frog Tiger
Human
E- OPP.
THUMB
D-HAIR
C-LEGS
B- BACKBONE
A- CELLS

42. Cells Backbone Legs Hair Opposable Thumbs Slug Y N Catfish Frog Tiger
Human
E- OPP.
THUMB
D-HAIR
C-LEGS
B- BACKBONE
A- CELLS

43. Cells Backbone Legs Hair Opposable Thumbs Slug Y N Catfish Frog Tiger
Human
HUMAN
TIGER
FROG
E- OPP.
THUMB
CATFISH
D-HAIR
SLUG
C-LEGS
B- BACKBONE
A- CELLS

44. Classification Practice- Animals

45. 1. German Shepherd, Great Dane, parrot, Irish setter, canary, husky, robin, pigeon Title _____________________ Title ______________________ 2. Apples, peas, orange, banana, carrot, lettuce, turnip, pear, grape, potato 3. Steak, football, sausage, chair, table, bacon, sofa, baseball bat, cleats, ham, bookcase Title ________________ Title__________________ Title_________________
Dogs
Birds

46. Dogs Birds Fruits Vegies
1. German Shepherd, Great Dane, parrot, Irish setter, canary, husky, robin, pigeon Title _____________________ Title ______________________ 2. Apples, peas, orange, banana, carrot, lettuce, turnip, pear, grape, potato 3. Steak, football, sausage, chair, table, bacon, sofa, baseball bat, cleats, ham, bookcase Title ________________ Title__________________ Title_________________
Dogs
Birds
Fruits
Vegies

47. Dogs Birds Fruits Vegies Meats Sports Equip. Furniture
1. German Shepherd, Great Dane, parrot, Irish setter, canary, husky, robin, pigeon
Title _____________________ Title ______________________
2. Apples, peas, orange, banana, carrot, lettuce, turnip, pear, grape, potato
3. Steak, football, sausage, chair, table, bacon, sofa, baseball bat, cleats, ham, bookcase
Title ___________ Title________________________ Title______________
Dogs
Birds
Fruits
Vegies
Meats
Sports Equip.
Furniture

48. Dogs Birds Fruits Vegies Meats Sports Equip. Furniture
1. German Shepherd, Great Dane, parrot, Irish setter, canary, husky, robin, pigeon
Title _____________________ Title ______________________
2. Apples, peas, orange, banana, carrot, lettuce, turnip, pear, grape, potato
3. Steak, football, sausage, chair, table, bacon, sofa, baseball bat, cleats, ham, bookcase
Title ___________ Title________________________ Title______________
Dogs
Birds
Fruits
Vegies
Meats
Sports Equip.
Furniture

49. Have 4 limbs Live under water
Mare, trout, parrot, quarter horse, woodpecker, spaniel, goldfish, Great Dane, eagle, bass, beagle, hawk, stallion, Dalmatian, shark 1. Classify them into two groups (give each group a name). Group 1 __________________ Group 2 _________________ 2. Using the same list of living things show how they could be classified into three groups. Group 1 __________ Group 2 _________ Group 3 _________
Have 4 limbs
Live under water

50. Have 4 limbs Live under water
Mare, trout, parrot, quarter horse, woodpecker, spaniel, goldfish, Great Dane, eagle, bass, beagle, hawk, stallion, Dalmatian, shark 1. Classify them into two groups (give each group a name). Group 1 __________________________ Group 2 __________________________ 2. Using the same list of living things show how they could be classified into three groups. Group 1 ______________________ Group 2 ______________________ Group 3 _________________________
Have 4 limbs
Live under water

51. Have 4 legs Have wings Have Gills
Mare, trout, parrot, quarter horse, woodpecker, spaniel, goldfish, Great Dane, eagle, bass, beagle, hawk, stallion, Dalmatian, shark 2. Using the same list of living things show how they could be classified into three groups. Group 1 ______________________ Group 2 ______________________ Group 3 _________________________
Have 4 legs
Have wings
Have Gills

52. Have 4 legs Have Wings Have Gills
Mare, trout, parrot, quarter horse, woodpecker, spaniel, goldfish, Great Dane, eagle, bass, beagle, hawk, stallion, Dalmatian, shark 2. Using the same list of living things show how they could be classified into three groups. Group 1 ______________________ Group 2 ______________________ Group 3 _________________________
Have 4 legs
Have Wings
Have Gills

53. Non-Air breathing Pets
Mare, trout, parrot, quarter horse, woodpecker, spaniel, goldfish, Great Dane, eagle, bass, beagle, hawk, stallion, Dalmatian, shark 3. Using the same list, show how they could be classified into four groups. Group 1 _______________________ Group 2 _____________________________ Group 3 _________________________________ Group 4 _________________________________
Air breathing Pets
Non-Air breathing Pets
Legal to kill in PA for food
Illegal to kill in PA for food

54. Non-Air breathing Pets
Mare, trout, parrot, quarter horse, woodpecker, spaniel, goldfish, Great Dane, eagle, bass, beagle, hawk, stallion, Dalmatian, shark 3. Using the same list, show how they could be classified into four groups. Group 1 _______________________ Group 2 _____________________________ Group 3 _________________________________ Group 4 ______________
Air breathing Pets
Non-Air breathing Pets
Legal to kill in PA for food
Illegal to kill in PA for food

55. Interpreting Graphics- Taxonomy

56. Interpreting Graphics – Taxonomy 1
Interpreting Graphics – Taxonomy 1. ______ Dogs belong to the order Felidae. 2. ______ A fox belongs to the phylum Arthropoda. 3. ______ Snakes belong to the phylum Reptilia. 4. ______ Lions belong to the class mammalia 5. ______ All arthropods belong to the Class Insecta 6. ______ All rodents belong to the phylum chordata. 7. ______ All amphibians belong to the class reptilia. 8. _______ All primates are mammals. 9. _______ The class mammalia includes dogs, cats. 10. ______ A lion belongs to the genus Felis. 11. ______ All mammals are primates. 12. ______ Insects and lobsters are arthropods. F F F T F T F T T F F T

57. In each set, circle the pair that is most closely related. 13
In each set, circle the pair that is most closely related. 13. snakes & crocodiles | snakes & frogs 14. rats & cats | cats & dogs 15. insects & lobsters | insects & birds 16. lions & tigers | lions & cougars 17. foxes & rats | foxes & dogs 18. cats & dogs | cats & lions

58. 19. List (use species name) all the animals pictured that belong in the Felidae family. 20. The image does not show orders of insects. Suggest three categories of insects that would likely be grouped into orders. Hint: think about what kind of insects there are. Add your three categories to the image.
Panthera leo, Panthera tigris, Felis concolor, Felis domesticus
Butterflies and Moths, Beetles, Grasshoppers/ Crickets/Katydids, Ants, Bees/Wasps … the list goes on !

59. The Dichotomous Key
A key is a device for easily and quickly identifying
an unknown organism.
The dichotomous key is the most widely used type in biological sciences.
The user is presented with a sequence of choices between two statements, couplets, based on characteristics of the organism. By always making the correct choice, the name of the organism will be revealed.

60. Here is an example of the kind of questions that would be asked on the key…
A. one pair of wings
B. Two pairs of wings
Now you write one…

61. Let’s practice using a Dichotomous Key