2. BIODIVERSITY AND CONSERVATION YAHNER CHAP 08

3. BIODIVERSITY  http://www.biodiversityhotspots.org/xp/Hot spots http://www.biodiversityhotspots.org/xp/Hot spots http://www.biodiversityhotspots.org/xp/Hot spots  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/biodiversit y/ http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/biodiversit y/ http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/biodiversit y/

4. BIODIVERSITY  WHAT IS BIODIVERSITY? THE VARIETY WITHIN AND AMONG BIOTIC COMMUNITIES AT A GIVEN SITE OR AREATHE VARIETY WITHIN AND AMONG BIOTIC COMMUNITIES AT A GIVEN SITE OR AREAOR THE VARIETY OF LIFE AND ITS PROCESSESTHE VARIETY OF LIFE AND ITS PROCESSESOR THE VARIETY AND THE ABUNDANCE OF SPECIES, THEIR GENETIC DIVERSITY, AND THE COMMUNITIES, ECOSYSTEMS, AND LANDSCAPES IN WHICH A SPECIES OCCURSTHE VARIETY AND THE ABUNDANCE OF SPECIES, THEIR GENETIC DIVERSITY, AND THE COMMUNITIES, ECOSYSTEMS, AND LANDSCAPES IN WHICH A SPECIES OCCURS

6. BIODIVERSITY  GENETIC DIVERSITY THE SMALLEST SCALE OF BIODIVERSITYTHE SMALLEST SCALE OF BIODIVERSITY THE VARIATION IN GENETIC MAKEUP OF INDIVIDUALS OF THE SAME SPECIES W/N A POPULATION OR GROUP OF POPULATIONS IN A GIVEN GEOGRAPHIC AREATHE VARIATION IN GENETIC MAKEUP OF INDIVIDUALS OF THE SAME SPECIES W/N A POPULATION OR GROUP OF POPULATIONS IN A GIVEN GEOGRAPHIC AREA HETEROZYGOSITY AND NUMBERS OF ALLELES ALLOWS FOR ADAPTATION TO CHANGES IN HETEROZYGOSITY AND NUMBERS OF ALLELES ALLOWS FOR ADAPTATION TO CHANGES IN ENVIRONMENTENVIRONMENT CLIMATECLIMATE FOR LONG TERM SURVIVAL FOR LONG TERM SURVIVAL

7. BIODIVERSITY  GENETIC DIVERSITY NEEDS TO BE KNOWN FOR SPP NEEDING PROTECTIONNEEDS TO BE KNOWN FOR SPP NEEDING PROTECTION BLACK BEARS AND YELLOW-BELLIED-SLIDER TURTLES HAVE RECEIVED ATTENTIONBLACK BEARS AND YELLOW-BELLIED-SLIDER TURTLES HAVE RECEIVED ATTENTION OTHER THREATENED SPP NEED ATTENTIONOTHER THREATENED SPP NEED ATTENTION RED WOLF? RED WOLF? FLORIDA PANTHER? FLORIDA PANTHER? GRAY WOLF? GRAY WOLF?

8. BIODIVERSITY  SPECIES DIVERSITY THE VARIETY OF LIVING ORGANISMSTHE VARIETY OF LIVING ORGANISMS RECOGNISED BY LEOPOLD IN 1933RECOGNISED BY LEOPOLD IN 1933 NUMBER OF SPP OR SPP ABUNDANCE IS ALPHA (α) SPP DIVERSITYNUMBER OF SPP OR SPP ABUNDANCE IS ALPHA (α) SPP DIVERSITY BETA (β) SPP DIVERSITY COMPARES ONE ECOSYSTEM WITH ANOTHER ECOSYSTEMBETA (β) SPP DIVERSITY COMPARES ONE ECOSYSTEM WITH ANOTHER ECOSYSTEM GAMMA (γ ) SPP DIVERSITY IS THE # OF SPP OVER A BROAD GEOGRAPHIC AREA WITH NO REFERENCE TO ABUNDANCEGAMMA (γ ) SPP DIVERSITY IS THE # OF SPP OVER A BROAD GEOGRAPHIC AREA WITH NO REFERENCE TO ABUNDANCE GAMMA IS RECEIVING MORE ATTENTIONGAMMA IS RECEIVING MORE ATTENTION

9. BIODIVERSITY  SPECIES DIVERSITY GAMMA DIVERSITYGAMMA DIVERSITY BREEDING BIRD SURVEYS BREEDING BIRD SURVEYS U.S. FISH & WILDLIFE SERVICE & CANADIAN WS U.S. FISH & WILDLIFE SERVICE & CANADIAN WS HOUSE SPARROW HAS DECLINED IN E U.S. HOUSE SPARROW HAS DECLINED IN E U.S. HOUSE FINCH HAS INCREASED HOUSE FINCH HAS INCREASED OTHER INCREASES SEEN IN BLACK-CAPPED CHICADEES, HOUSE WRENS, AMER ROBINS OTHER INCREASES SEEN IN BLACK-CAPPED CHICADEES, HOUSE WRENS, AMER ROBINS A DECREASE IS SEEN IN FLICKERS DUE TO COMPETITION WITH EUROPEAN STARLINGS A DECREASE IS SEEN IN FLICKERS DUE TO COMPETITION WITH EUROPEAN STARLINGS

10.  http://cnx.org/content/m12147/latest/ http://cnx.org/content/m12147/latest/  AN EXAMPLE OF THE APPLICATION OF THE TYPES OF SPECIES DIVERSITY  INFLUENCE ON SPECIES RICHNESS  (SOURCE NOT VERIFIED) BIODIVERSITY

12. BIODIVERSITY  COMMUNITY DIVERSITY THE VARIETY OF COMMNITIES OR ECOSYSTEMS THAT OCCUR OVER A BROAD GEOGRAPHIC REGION OR LANDSCAPETHE VARIETY OF COMMNITIES OR ECOSYSTEMS THAT OCCUR OVER A BROAD GEOGRAPHIC REGION OR LANDSCAPE UPLAND FORESTS RANGING TO BOTTOMLAND WETLANDS UPLAND FORESTS RANGING TO BOTTOMLAND WETLANDS UNIQUE HABITATS ARE SEEN ALONG THE GRADIENT UNIQUE HABITATS ARE SEEN ALONG THE GRADIENT DECLINE IN APPALACHIAN WOODRAT IN NJ, NY, PA IS UNEXPLAINED DECLINE IN APPALACHIAN WOODRAT IN NJ, NY, PA IS UNEXPLAINED

13. BIODIVERSITY  LANDSCAPE DIVERSITY THE LARGEST SCALE OF BIODIVERSITY THE LARGEST SCALE OF BIODIVERSITY INCORPORATES INTERACTING COMMUNITIES AND ECOSYSTEMS INCORPORATES INTERACTING COMMUNITIES AND ECOSYSTEMS THE LARGE STATE AND FEDERAL LANDS ARE GOOD EXAMPLES THE LARGE STATE AND FEDERAL LANDS ARE GOOD EXAMPLES MANAGEMENT AT THESE LEVELS MAY BE ESSENTIAL TO CONSERVING BIODIVERSITY MANAGEMENT AT THESE LEVELS MAY BE ESSENTIAL TO CONSERVING BIODIVERSITY

14. BIODIVERSITY  MAINTENANCE OF BIODIVERSITY IS A CONCERN INCREASINGLY ESSENTIAL INCREASINGLY ESSENTIAL NON-RENEWABLE NATURAL RESOURCE NON-RENEWABLE NATURAL RESOURCE ENVIRONMENTAL & ECONOMIC VALUE AT $300 BILLION / Y ENVIRONMENTAL & ECONOMIC VALUE AT $300 BILLION / Y ANNUAL LOSS OF FLORA AND FAUNA IS 20,000 TO 50,000 SPECIES / YEAR ANNUAL LOSS OF FLORA AND FAUNA IS 20,000 TO 50,000 SPECIES / YEAR THAT IS 55 - 150 SPECIES / DAY THAT IS 55 - 150 SPECIES / DAY

15. BIODIVERSITY  MAINTENTANCE OF BIODIVERSITY IS A CONCERN A SPECIES MAY REQUIRE 2,000 TO 10,000 GENERATIONS TO EVOLVE A SPECIES MAY REQUIRE 2,000 TO 10,000 GENERATIONS TO EVOLVE A LEGACY IS LOST WHEN A SP IS EXTINCT A LEGACY IS LOST WHEN A SP IS EXTINCT FOR SOME SPP, THEY HAVE YET TO BE NAMED PRIOR TO EXTINCTION FOR SOME SPP, THEY HAVE YET TO BE NAMED PRIOR TO EXTINCTION FEW PEOPLE ARE BEING TRAINED TO NAME AND IDENTIFY SPP FEW PEOPLE ARE BEING TRAINED TO NAME AND IDENTIFY SPP

16. BIODIVERSITY  MAINTENTANCE OF BIODIVERSITY IS A CONCERN BIODIVERSITY IS THE BASIS OF THE ECOSYSTEM BIODIVERSITY IS THE BASIS OF THE ECOSYSTEM HEALTH AND PRODUCTIVITY OF THE FOREST DEPENDS ON BIODIVERSITY HEALTH AND PRODUCTIVITY OF THE FOREST DEPENDS ON BIODIVERSITY PLANTS AS PRODUCER ORGANISMSPLANTS AS PRODUCER ORGANISMS ANIMALS AS CONSUMER ORGANISMSANIMALS AS CONSUMER ORGANISMS

17. BIODIVERSITY  MAINTENTANCE OF BIODIVERSITY IS A CONCERN BIODIVERSITY IS A SOURCE OF RENEWABLE RESOURCES BIODIVERSITY IS A SOURCE OF RENEWABLE RESOURCES FOODFOOD 175 FOODS, 52 BEVERAGES OF FOREST ORIGIN175 FOODS, 52 BEVERAGES OF FOREST ORIGIN 90% DOMESTICATED PLANTS HAVE ORIGIN IN THE TROPIC FORESTS90% DOMESTICATED PLANTS HAVE ORIGIN IN THE TROPIC FORESTS OF 250 K PLANTS 20 K HAVE BEEN FOOD FOR HUMANSOF 250 K PLANTS 20 K HAVE BEEN FOOD FOR HUMANS

18. BIODIVERSITY  MAINTENTANCE OF BIODIVERSITY IS A CONCERN BIODIVERSITY IS A SOURCE OF RENEWABLE RESOURCES BIODIVERSITY IS A SOURCE OF RENEWABLE RESOURCES FOODFOOD 90 % WORLD FOOD COMES FROM 100 PLANTS 90 % WORLD FOOD COMES FROM 100 PLANTS SEED BANKS PRESERVE GENETIC LINEAGES OF CULTIVATED PLANTS SEED BANKS PRESERVE GENETIC LINEAGES OF CULTIVATED PLANTS http://www.nytimes.com/slideshow/2008/02/28/world/200802 28VAULT_10.html http://www.nytimes.com/slideshow/2008/02/28/world/200802 28VAULT_10.html http://www.nytimes.com/slideshow/2008/02/28/world/200802 28VAULT_10.html http://www.nytimes.com/slideshow/2008/02/28/world/200802 28VAULT_10.html

19. BIODIVERSITY  MAINTENTANCE OF BIODIVERSITY IS A CONCERN BIODIVERSITY PROVIDES CHEMICALS USEFUL TO HUMANS BIODIVERSITY PROVIDES CHEMICALS USEFUL TO HUMANS MEDICINESMEDICINES 400 MEDICINES USED BY NATIVE AMERICANS400 MEDICINES USED BY NATIVE AMERICANS TODAY 25 % DRUGS ARE OF PLANT SOURCESTODAY 25 % DRUGS ARE OF PLANT SOURCES WILLOW BARK AND ASPIRINWILLOW BARK AND ASPIRIN I.E. PACIFIC YEW AND TAXOLI.E. PACIFIC YEW AND TAXOL

20. BIODIVERSITY  MAINTENTANCE OF BIODIVERSITY IS A CONCERN BIODIVERSITY PROVIDES CHEMICALS USEFUL TO HUMANS BIODIVERSITY PROVIDES CHEMICALS USEFUL TO HUMANS PLANT-BASED DRUGS; ECONOMIC IMPACT PLANT-BASED DRUGS; ECONOMIC IMPACT $36 BILL U.S.$36 BILL U.S. $200 BILL WORLDWIDE$200 BILL WORLDWIDE

21. BIODIVERSITY  MAINTENTANCE OF BIODIVERSITY IS A CONCERN BIODIVERSITY AESTHETICS AND RECREATION BIODIVERSITY AESTHETICS AND RECREATION BIRDING, ECOTOURISM, HUNTING, FISHINGBIRDING, ECOTOURISM, HUNTING, FISHING 50+% OF U.S. POPULATION 50+% OF U.S. POPULATION $60 BILL BUSINESS OF OUTDOOR RECREATION$60 BILL BUSINESS OF OUTDOOR RECREATION $20 BILL / Y TO BIRDERS ALONE$20 BILL / Y TO BIRDERS ALONE 20-30 MILL PEOPLE 20-30 MILL PEOPLE

22. BIODIVERSITY  MAINTENTANCE OF BIODIVERSITY IS A CONCERN BIODIVERSITY AESTHETICS AND RECREATION BIODIVERSITY AESTHETICS AND RECREATION 1996 DATA1996 DATA 35 MILL FISHED 35 MILL FISHED 14 MILL HUNTED 14 MILL HUNTED 49 MILL SPENT $72 BILL 49 MILL SPENT $72 BILL 63 MILL OBS/FED/PHOTO AND SPENT $29 MILL 63 MILL OBS/FED/PHOTO AND SPENT $29 MILL

23. BIODIVERSITY  MAINTENTANCE OF BIODIVERSITY IS A CONCERN BIODIVERSITY; A LEGAL BASIS BIODIVERSITY; A LEGAL BASIS NAT ENVIRON POLICY ACT 1969NAT ENVIRON POLICY ACT 1969 ENDANGERED SPP ACT 1973ENDANGERED SPP ACT 1973 NAT FOREST MANAGEMENT ACT 1976NAT FOREST MANAGEMENT ACT 1976 THE PUBLIC HAS BECOME MORE AWARE AND SHOWS A GREATER CONCERN FOR BIODIVERSITY THE PUBLIC HAS BECOME MORE AWARE AND SHOWS A GREATER CONCERN FOR BIODIVERSITY

24. BIODIVERSITY  BIODIVERSITY AND ENDANGERED SPECIES LEGISLATION ESA, 1973 ESA, 1973 FOUNDATION OF WILDLIFE CONSERVATIONFOUNDATION OF WILDLIFE CONSERVATION PROTECTION AND CONSERVATIONPROTECTION AND CONSERVATION FOR ENDANGERED OR THREATENED SPP AND HABITATFOR ENDANGERED OR THREATENED SPP AND HABITAT 80% SPP WERE FULL SPP; 18% SUBSPP80% SPP WERE FULL SPP; 18% SUBSPP 2% POPULATIONS2% POPULATIONS http://www.fws.gov/endangered/http://www.fws.gov/endangered/http://www.fws.gov/endangered/

25. BIODIVERSITY  BIODIVERSITY AND ENDANGERED SPECIES LEGISLATION ESA, 1973 ESA, 1973 1,000 AVE POPULATION SIZE FOR ANIMALS1,000 AVE POPULATION SIZE FOR ANIMALS 120 PLANTS120 PLANTS RECOVERY PLANS INCLUDE RECOVERY PLANS INCLUDE NATURAL HISTORY OF SPNATURAL HISTORY OF SP ACTIONS TO REDUCE THREATACTIONS TO REDUCE THREAT SCHEDULE OF RECOVERYSCHEDULE OF RECOVERY

26. BIODIVERSITY  BIODIVERSITY AND ENDANGERED SPECIES LEGISLATION ESA, 1973 ESA, 1973 344 RECOVERY PLANS344 RECOVERY PLANS 306 FOR SINGLE SP (89%) 306 FOR SINGLE SP (89%) 26 FOR MORE THAN ONE SP 26 FOR MORE THAN ONE SP 12 FOR A KEYSTONE SP 12 FOR A KEYSTONE SP THIS MAY REQUIRE 50 Y AND $4.6 BILLION THIS MAY REQUIRE 50 Y AND $4.6 BILLION

27. BIODIVERSITY  BIODIVERSITY AND ENDANGERED SPECIES LEGISLATION ESA AMENDED 1988 ESA AMENDED 1988 TO CONSERVE ECOSYSTEMSTO CONSERVE ECOSYSTEMS THIS IS PROACTIVE; SP CONCERN- REACTIVETHIS IS PROACTIVE; SP CONCERN- REACTIVE IDENTIFY HABITATS & COMMUNITIES WHERE DEGRADATION IS SEENIDENTIFY HABITATS & COMMUNITIES WHERE DEGRADATION IS SEEN IDEA IS TO PREVENT FURTHER HABITAT LOSSIDEA IS TO PREVENT FURTHER HABITAT LOSS THIS DEALS WITH ALL SPPTHIS DEALS WITH ALL SPP

28. BIODIVERSITY  BIODIVERSITY AND ENDANGERED SPECIES LEGISLATION ESA AMENDED 1988 ESA AMENDED 1988 A BEAURCRATIC PROBLEMA BEAURCRATIC PROBLEM A THREAT TO PROGRESSA THREAT TO PROGRESS SNAIL DARTER, TN DAM SNAIL DARTER, TN DAM MT GRAHAM RED SQUIRREL, OBSERVATORY MT GRAHAM RED SQUIRREL, OBSERVATORY SPOTTED OWL, NW LOGGING SPOTTED OWL, NW LOGGING LOCAL: LOCAL: APPALACHIAN CRAYFISHAPPALACHIAN CRAYFISH LONG-NOSED SUCKERLONG-NOSED SUCKER $700 MILLION FOR 40% SPP LISTED$700 MILLION FOR 40% SPP LISTED

29. BIODIVERSITY  BIODIVERSITY AND ENDANGERED SPECIES LEGISLATION ESA AMENDED 1988 ESA AMENDED 1988 FUTURE REQUIREMENTS FOR ESA MAY BEFUTURE REQUIREMENTS FOR ESA MAY BE PUBLIC EDUCATION PUBLIC EDUCATION PUBLIC CONSULTATION PUBLIC CONSULTATION COMPENSATION COMPENSATION FEWER THAN 10% OF THREATENED SPP OCCUR ON FEDERAL LANDSFEWER THAN 10% OF THREATENED SPP OCCUR ON FEDERAL LANDS SHIFT MORE RESPONSIBILITY TO STATESSHIFT MORE RESPONSIBILITY TO STATES

30. BIODIVERSITY  BIODIVERSITY AND ENDANGERED SPECIES LEGISLATION ESA AMENDED 1988 ESA AMENDED 1988 THIS IS MORE THAN A NATIONAL PROBLEMTHIS IS MORE THAN A NATIONAL PROBLEM CONCERN EXTENDS ACROSS THE GLOBECONCERN EXTENDS ACROSS THE GLOBE 1992- EARTH SUMMIT IN RIO1992- EARTH SUMMIT IN RIO http://www.un.org/geninfo/bp/enviro.html http://www.un.org/geninfo/bp/enviro.html http://www.un.org/geninfo/bp/enviro.html 2002- EARTH SUMMIT IN JOHANNESBURG2002- EARTH SUMMIT IN JOHANNESBURG http://www.earthsummit2002.org/ http://www.earthsummit2002.org/ http://www.earthsummit2002.org/ 2012- EARTH SUMMIT IN BRAZIL2012- EARTH SUMMIT IN BRAZIL http://www.earthsummit2012.org/ http://www.earthsummit2012.org/ http://www.earthsummit2012.org/

31. BIODIVERSITY  HOW MUCH DIVERSITY IS ENOUGH? NOTE THE ATTEMPTS TO SAVE THE CALIFORNIA CONDOR NOTE THE ATTEMPTS TO SAVE THE CALIFORNIA CONDOR IS THE EFFORT TO SAVE THE AMERICAN WOODRAT WORTH TIME AND MONEY? IS THE EFFORT TO SAVE THE AMERICAN WOODRAT WORTH TIME AND MONEY? THERE ARE TWO APPROACHES THERE ARE TWO APPROACHES BIOCENTRIC- ALL SPP EQUALLY IMPORTANTBIOCENTRIC- ALL SPP EQUALLY IMPORTANT ECOCENTRIC- EFFORT IS PLACED ON HABITATECOCENTRIC- EFFORT IS PLACED ON HABITAT

32. BIODIVERSITY  HOW MUCH DIVERSITY IS ENOUGH? THE ANSWER REMAINS UNKNOWN THE ANSWER REMAINS UNKNOWN MANAGEMENT FOR ENDANGERED SPP IS NOT VERY PRECISE MANAGEMENT FOR ENDANGERED SPP IS NOT VERY PRECISE GRASSLANDS IN THE N.E. ARE DECLINING GRASSLANDS IN THE N.E. ARE DECLINING BIRD SPP ARE DECLININGBIRD SPP ARE DECLINING FURTHER LOSSES OF GRASSLANDS WILL AFFECTFURTHER LOSSES OF GRASSLANDS WILL AFFECT N. HARRIERS, GRASSHOPPER SPARROWS N. HARRIERS, GRASSHOPPER SPARROWS

33. BIODIVERSITY  HOW MUCH DIVERSITY IS ENOUGH? SMALL SCALE FORESTRY HAS IMPACT AT THE LOCAL LEVEL SMALL SCALE FORESTRY HAS IMPACT AT THE LOCAL LEVEL HOWEVER, EDGES ARE CREATED HOWEVER, EDGES ARE CREATED EXOTIC SPP MAY INVADEEXOTIC SPP MAY INVADE CLEAR CUT SHOULD NOT OCCUR IN GOSHAWK AREAS CLEAR CUT SHOULD NOT OCCUR IN GOSHAWK AREAS A HIGHER SPP DIVERSITY IS RECOMMENDED A HIGHER SPP DIVERSITY IS RECOMMENDED

34. BIODIVERSITY  HOW MUCH DIVERSITY IS ENOUGH? THE TACT VARIES FOR THE SPP TO BE CONSERVED THE TACT VARIES FOR THE SPP TO BE CONSERVED A KEYSTONE SP IS TREATED DIFFERENTA KEYSTONE SP IS TREATED DIFFERENT GENETIC DIVERSITY REQUIRES OTHER TECHNIQUESGENETIC DIVERSITY REQUIRES OTHER TECHNIQUES THERE IS NO ONE QUICK ANSWERTHERE IS NO ONE QUICK ANSWER CONSERVING BIODIVERSITY REQUIRES SPECIAL PLANNINGCONSERVING BIODIVERSITY REQUIRES SPECIAL PLANNING http://www.fws.gov/endangered/http://www.fws.gov/endangered/http://www.fws.gov/endangered/

35. BIODIVERSITY  BIODIVERSITY, SUSTAINABILITY AND ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT TRADITIONAL VIEW OF SUSTAINABILITYTRADITIONAL VIEW OF SUSTAINABILITY MANAGE FOR AN INDEFINITTE FUTURE MANAGE FOR AN INDEFINITTE FUTURE A MORE RECENT VIEWA MORE RECENT VIEW THE LONG TERM CAPACITY OF THE ECOSYSTEMS TO PRODUCE VALUES FOR SOCIETY THE LONG TERM CAPACITY OF THE ECOSYSTEMS TO PRODUCE VALUES FOR SOCIETY BIRDS, MAMMALS, TREES BIRDS, MAMMALS, TREES AND MICROORGANISMS IN SOIL, INVERTEBRATES, HERB PLANTS AND MICROORGANISMS IN SOIL, INVERTEBRATES, HERB PLANTS

36. BIODIVERSITY  BIODIVERSITY, SUSTAINABILITY AND ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENTECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT THIS ADDRESSES CONSERVING BIODIVERSITY THIS ADDRESSES CONSERVING BIODIVERSITY MAINTAIN VIABLE POPULATIONS OF ALL SPPMAINTAIN VIABLE POPULATIONS OF ALL SPP ENSURE PRESERVATION OF ALL NATIVE ECOSYSTEMSENSURE PRESERVATION OF ALL NATIVE ECOSYSTEMS POSSIBLY NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT IS A BETTER DESCRIPTERPOSSIBLY NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT IS A BETTER DESCRIPTER

37. BIODIVERSITY  BIODIVERSITY, SUSTAINABILITY AND ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENTECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT IT MAKES MORE SENSE TO WORK FOR SEVERAL SPP RATHER THAN ONE IT MAKES MORE SENSE TO WORK FOR SEVERAL SPP RATHER THAN ONE ADDRESSES A RANGE OF SPATIAL SCALES ADDRESSES A RANGE OF SPATIAL SCALES LANDSCAPE, MANAGEMENT, THE DYNAMIC NATURE OF ECOSYSTEMS,LANDSCAPE, MANAGEMENT, THE DYNAMIC NATURE OF ECOSYSTEMS, INTEGRATES ECOLOGICAL PRINCIPLESINTEGRATES ECOLOGICAL PRINCIPLES REQUIRES NEW PARTNERSHIPS-FEDERAL-STATE- LOCAL REQUIRES NEW PARTNERSHIPS-FEDERAL-STATE- LOCAL

38. BIODIVERSITY  BIODIVERSITY, SUSTAINABILITY AND ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENTECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT REQUIRES COMPROMISES REQUIRES COMPROMISES CONSERVATION VS THE GOOD OF SOCIETY CONSERVATION VS THE GOOD OF SOCIETY BALANCE ECOSYSTEMS WITH NEEDED COMMODITIES BALANCE ECOSYSTEMS WITH NEEDED COMMODITIES

39. BIODIVERSITY  CONSERVATION OF BIODIVERSITY AND FOREST MANAGEMENT FOREST MANAGEMENT HAS THE GREATEST POTENTIAL FOR CONSERVING BIODIVERSITY FOREST MANAGEMENT HAS THE GREATEST POTENTIAL FOR CONSERVING BIODIVERSITY ROTATIONS TEND TO OCCUR IN DECADES OF YEARS ROTATIONS TEND TO OCCUR IN DECADES OF YEARS MANIPULATIONS CAN BE VARIED MANIPULATIONS CAN BE VARIED STATE AND NATIONAL PARKS REPRESENT LARGE TRACTS SET ASIDE STATE AND NATIONAL PARKS REPRESENT LARGE TRACTS SET ASIDE

40. BIODIVERSITY  CONSERVATION OF BIODIVERSITY AND FOREST MANAGEMENT THE NORTHEAST IS MORE AWARE OF PROTECTING HABITAT THE NORTHEAST IS MORE AWARE OF PROTECTING HABITAT F. MANAGEMENT NEEDS TO BE INNOVATIVE AND INCLUSIVE F. MANAGEMENT NEEDS TO BE INNOVATIVE AND INCLUSIVE FOCUS ON FOCUS ON ENDANGERED AND THREATENED SPPENDANGERED AND THREATENED SPP SPP OF CONCERNSPP OF CONCERN HABITAT; RESTORATION; ETC.HABITAT; RESTORATION; ETC.

41. BIODIVERSITY  CONSERVATION OF BIODIVERSITY AND FOREST MANAGEMENT MAINTAIN DIVERSITY OF PLANT & ANIMAL SPPMAINTAIN DIVERSITY OF PLANT & ANIMAL SPP ENSURE HEALTHY AND DIVERSE HABITATSENSURE HEALTHY AND DIVERSE HABITATS A NEW LEVEL OF COOPERATION IS NEEDED A NEW LEVEL OF COOPERATION IS NEEDED PRIVATE FOREST OWNERS NEED TO BE INCLUDEDPRIVATE FOREST OWNERS NEED TO BE INCLUDED LINKAGES NEED TO BE MADELINKAGES NEED TO BE MADE

42. BIODIVERSITY  CONSERVATION OF BIODIVERSITY AND FOREST MANAGEMENT POLICIES REQUIREPOLICIES REQUIRE CURRENT SCIENCES CURRENT SCIENCES ECONOMIC PRINCIPLES ECONOMIC PRINCIPLES POLITICAL BACKING POLITICAL BACKING FOREST MANAGEMENT SHOULD HAVEFOREST MANAGEMENT SHOULD HAVE LONG-TERM FOCUS LONG-TERM FOCUS NATIONAL COMMITMENT NATIONAL COMMITMENT INTEGRATION OF BIOLOGICAL CONCEPTS WITH THE HUMAN IN MIND INTEGRATION OF BIOLOGICAL CONCEPTS WITH THE HUMAN IN MIND

43. BIODIVERSITY  CONSERVATION OF BIODIVERSITY AND FOREST MANAGEMENT GAP ANALYSISGAP ANALYSIS IDENTIFIES GAPS IN BIODIVERSITY IDENTIFIES GAPS IN BIODIVERSITY FOR NATIVE SPP OR ECOSYSTEMS FOR NATIVE SPP OR ECOSYSTEMS LANDS MAY BE ACQUIRED TO FILL-IN GAPS LANDS MAY BE ACQUIRED TO FILL-IN GAPS PARTNER IN MANAGEMENT PARTNER IN MANAGEMENT PUBLIC AWARENESS IS RAISED PUBLIC AWARENESS IS RAISED

44. BIODIVERSITY  CONSERVATION OF BIODIVERSITY AND FOREST MANAGEMENT BIOLOGICAL RESOURCE DIVISION - 1996BIOLOGICAL RESOURCE DIVISION - 1996 AKA - NATIONAL BIOLOGICAL SURVEY AKA - NATIONAL BIOLOGICAL SURVEY CONSOLIDATE BIOLOGICAL RESEARCH CONSOLIDATE BIOLOGICAL RESEARCH INVENTORYING INVENTORYING MONITORING PROGRAMS MONITORING PROGRAMS A SPECTRUM OF RESEARCH EFFORTS FROM ENDANGERED SPP TO ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT A SPECTRUM OF RESEARCH EFFORTS FROM ENDANGERED SPP TO ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT

45. BIODIVERSITY  CONSERVATION BIOLOGY AND WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT CONSERVATION BIOLOGY IS A RECENT SCIENCE CONSERVATION BIOLOGY IS A RECENT SCIENCE SINCE THE 1980sSINCE THE 1980s INCORPORATES PRINCIPLES FROMINCORPORATES PRINCIPLES FROM ISLAND BIOGEOGRAPHY ISLAND BIOGEOGRAPHY METAPOPULATION THEORIES METAPOPULATION THEORIES MORE POWERFUL ANALYSES MORE POWERFUL ANALYSES

46. BIODIVERSITY  CONSERVATION BIOLOGY AND WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT CONSERVATION BIOLOGY IS A RECENT SCIENCE CONSERVATION BIOLOGY IS A RECENT SCIENCE INVOLVES POPULATION BIOLOGY,INVOLVES POPULATION BIOLOGY, GENETICS,GENETICS, BOTANISTS & ZOOLOGISTS,BOTANISTS & ZOOLOGISTS, WILDLIFE BIOL & FORESTRYWILDLIFE BIOL & FORESTRY

47. BIODIVERSITY  CONSERVATION BIOLOGY AND WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT CONSERVATION BIOLOGY IS A RECENT SCIENCE CONSERVATION BIOLOGY IS A RECENT SCIENCE CONSERVATION BIOLOGISTS ~ NATURAL HISTORYCONSERVATION BIOLOGISTS ~ NATURAL HISTORY CONSERVATION BIOLOGY COMBINES INTERESTS OF WILDLIFE AND FOREST MANAGERSCONSERVATION BIOLOGY COMBINES INTERESTS OF WILDLIFE AND FOREST MANAGERS PRIOR TO 1970 IT WAS DEER MANAGEMENTPRIOR TO 1970 IT WAS DEER MANAGEMENT AFTER 1970; NON-GAME SPP MANAGEMENTAFTER 1970; NON-GAME SPP MANAGEMENT

48. BIODIVERSITY  CONSERVATION BIOLOGY AND WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT REQUIRES FIELD STUDIES REQUIRES FIELD STUDIES THE ROLE OF THE “STEWARD” THE ROLE OF THE “STEWARD” PROFESSIONAL SOCIETIES AUGMENT LOCAL AND STATE EFFORTS PROFESSIONAL SOCIETIES AUGMENT LOCAL AND STATE EFFORTS SOC. OF CONSERVATION BIOLOGISTSSOC. OF CONSERVATION BIOLOGISTS http://www.conbio.org/ http://www.conbio.org/ http://www.conbio.org/ ECOL. SOC. OF AMERICA http://www.esa.org/ECOL. SOC. OF AMERICA http://www.esa.org/ http://www.esa.org/ WILDLIFE SOCIETYWILDLIFE SOCIETY http://www.wildlife.org/index.cfm?CFID=4327719&CFTOKEN=6 1437570 http://www.wildlife.org/index.cfm?CFID=4327719&CFTOKEN=6 1437570 http://www.wildlife.org/index.cfm?CFID=4327719&CFTOKEN=6 1437570 http://www.wildlife.org/index.cfm?CFID=4327719&CFTOKEN=6 1437570