1. Part VI
The Rise of the English Novel
Daniel Defoe

2. English Novel 1. The Rise of the English novel
2. The literary traditions of the English novel
3. Aphra Behn

3. 1. The Rise of the English Novel
“The novel is the most important gift of bourgeois, or capitalist, civilization to the world’s imaginative culture.”
----Ralph Fox: “The Novel and the People”

4. The modern European novel began after the Renaissance, with Cervantes’s Don Quixote
The modern English novel began two centuries later, in the 18th century.

5. The rise and growth of the realistic novel:
the most prominent achievement of the 18th century English literature

6. Defoe’s Robinson Crusoe:
The true pioneers:
women writers
Defoe’s Robinson Crusoe:
one of the forerunners of the English realistic novel

7. 3. The literary traditions of the English novel
(1) the French romance,
法国传奇故事

8. (2) the Spanish picaresque tale and novella
西班牙流浪汉（体）小说
E.g.: Lazarillo de Tormes, 《托莫斯河上的小癞子》

9. (3) earlier prose models in English:
John Lyly’s Euphues (1579)
约翰·李利《尤弗斯》
Sir Philip Sidney’s Arcadia (1590)
锡德尼《阿尔卡地亚》
John Bunyan’s Pilgrim’s Progress
班扬《天路历程》

10. 英国人的Top 100 big read 由BBS调查统计，完成于2003年。
1. The Lord of the Rings, 《蝇王》, JRR Tolkien
2. Pride and Prejudice, 《傲慢与偏见》, Jane Austen
3. His Dark Materials, 《黑暗物质》, Philip Pullman
4. The Hitchhiker’s Guide to the Galaxy,《银河系漫游指南》, Douglas Adams
5. Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire, JK Rowling

11. 6. To Kill a Mockingbird, 《杀死知更鸟》, Harper Lee 7
6. To Kill a Mockingbird, 《杀死知更鸟》, Harper Lee 7. Winnie the Pooh, 《小熊维尼》, A. A. Milne 8. Nineteen Eighty-Four, 《1984年》, George Orwell 9. The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe, 《纳尼亚传奇2 狮子女巫和魔衣橱》, C. S. Lewis 10. Jane Eyre, 《简爱》, Charlotte Brontë

12. 11. Catch-22, 《第22条军规》, Joseph Heller 12
11. Catch-22, 《第22条军规》, Joseph Heller 12. Wuthering Heights, 《呼啸山庄》, Emily Brontë 13. Birdsong, 《鸟歌》, Sebastian Faulks 14. Rebecca, 《蝴蝶梦》, Daphne du Maurier 15. The Catcher in the Rye, 《麦田守望者》, J. D. Salinger

13. 16. The Wind in the Willows,《柳林风声》, Kenneth Grahame
17. Great Expectations, 《远大前程》, Dickens
18. Little Women, 《小妇人》, Louisa May Alcott
19. Captain Corelli‘s Mandolin,《科莱利上尉的曼陀铃
/战地情人》, Louis de Bernieres
20. War and Peace, 《战争与和平》, Leo Tolstoy

14. 21. Gone with the Wind, Margaret Mitchell 22
21. Gone with the Wind, Margaret Mitchell 22. Harry Potter And The Philosopher's Stone, JK Rowling 23. Harry Potter And The Chamber Of Secrets, JK Rowling 24. Harry Potter And The Prisoner Of Azkaban, JK Rowling 25. The Hobbit, JRR Tolkien

15. 26. Tess Of The D'Urbervilles, Thomas Hardy 27
26. Tess Of The D'Urbervilles, Thomas Hardy 27. Middlemarch, George Eliot 28. A Prayer For Owen Meany, John Irving 29. The Grapes Of Wrath, John Steinbeck 30. Alice's Adventures In Wonderland, Lewis Carroll

16. 31. The Story of Tracy Beaker, Jacqueline Wilson 32
31. The Story of Tracy Beaker, Jacqueline Wilson 32. One Hundred Years of Solitude, 《百年孤独》, Gabriel García Márquez 33. The Pillars of the Earth, Ken Follett 34. David Copperfield, Charles Dickens 35. Charlie and the Chocolate Factory, Roald Dahl

17. 36. Treasure Island, 《金银岛》, Robert Stevenson 37
36. Treasure Island, 《金银岛》, Robert Stevenson 37. A Town Like Alice,《艾丽斯城》, Nevil Shute 38. Persuasion, 《劝导》, Jane Austen 39. Dune, 《沙丘》, Frank Herbert 40. Emma, 《爱玛》, Jane Austen

18. 41. Anne of Green Gables,《绿山墙的安妮》, LM Montgomery 42
41. Anne of Green Gables,《绿山墙的安妮》, LM Montgomery 42. Watership Down, Richard Adams 43. The Great Gatsby,《了不起的盖茨比》,Fitzgerald 44. The Count of Monte Cristo, 《基督山伯爵》, Alexandre Dumas 45. Brideshead Revisited, 《故园风雨后》, Evelyn Waugh

19. 46. Animal Farm, 《动物农场》,George Orwell √ 47
46. Animal Farm, 《动物农场》,George Orwell √ 47. A Christmas Carol, 《圣诞欢歌》, Dickens 48. Far From The Madding Crowd, 《远离尘嚣》, Thomas Hardy √ 49. Goodnight Mister Tom, Michelle Magorian 50. The Shell Seekers,《海边拾贝人》, Rosamunde Pilcher √

20. 51. The Secret Garden, 《秘密花园》, Frances Burnett √ 52
51. The Secret Garden, 《秘密花园》, Frances Burnett √ 52. Of Mice and Men,《鼠与人》, John Steinbeck √ 53. The Stand, 《末日逼近》, Stephen King 54. Anna Karenina,《安娜·卡列尼娜》, Leo Tolstoy 55. A Suitable Boy,《如意郎君》, Vikram Seth(印度),1993

21. 56. The BFG, 《好心眼儿巨人》, Roald Dahl 57
56. The BFG, 《好心眼儿巨人》, Roald Dahl 57. Swallows and Amazons, 《燕子与鹦鹉》, Arthur Ransome 58. Black Beauty,《黑骏马》, Anna Sewell 59. Artemis Fowl,《阿特米斯之北极圈的挑战》, Eoin Colfer 60. Crime and Punishment,《罪与罚》, Dostoyevsky

22. 61. Noughts and Crosses, Malorie Blackman 62
61. Noughts and Crosses, Malorie Blackman 62. Memoirs of a Geisha,《艺伎回忆录》, Arthur Golden √ 63. A Tale of Two Cities,《双城记》, Dickens √ 64. The Thorn Birds,《荆棘鸟》,Colleen McCollough 65. Mort, 《死神学徒》(碟形世界系列之四), Terry Pratchett

23. 66. The Magic Faraway Tree, 《远方的魔法树》, Enid Blyton 67
66. The Magic Faraway Tree, 《远方的魔法树》, Enid Blyton 67. The Magus, 《大法师》, John Fowles 68. Good Omens, 《好兆头》, Pratchett & Gaiman 69. Guards! Guards!, 《卫兵！卫兵！》(碟形世界系列之八),Terry Pratchett 70. Lord of the Flies, 《蝇王》, William Golding

24. 71. Perfume: The Story of a Murderer ,《香水》, Patrick Süskind 72
71. Perfume: The Story of a Murderer ,《香水》, Patrick Süskind 72. The Ragged Trousered Philanthropists, 《穿破裤子的慈善家》, Robert Tressell 73. Night Watch,《守夜人》(科幻系列), Sergei Lukyanenko (俄罗斯) 74. Matilda,《马蒂尔达》(儿童读物), Roald Dahl 75. Bridget Jones’s Diary, Helen Fielding

25. 76. The Secret History,《校园秘史》,Donna Tartt 77
76. The Secret History,《校园秘史》,Donna Tartt 77. The Woman in White, Wilkie Collins 78. Ulysses,《尤利西斯》,James Joyce 79. Bleak House,《荒凉山庄》,Charles Dickens 80. Double Act, Jacqueline Wilson

26. 81. The Twits, Roald Dahl
82. I Capture The Castle,《我的秘密城堡》, Dodie Smith (101 Dalmatians)
83. Holes, 《别有洞天》, Louis Sachar
84. Gormenghast,《仇云盖堡/歌门鬼城三部曲》, Mervyn Peake
85. The God of Small Things,《微物之神》, Arundhati Roy（印度）

27. 86. Vicky Angel, Jacqueline Wilson 87
86. Vicky Angel, Jacqueline Wilson 87. Brave New World, 《美丽新世界》, Aldous Huxley(UK), 88. Cold Comfort Farm,《寒冷舒适的农庄/令人难以宽慰的农庄》, Stella Gibbons(UK), Magician,《魔法师》, Raymond E Feist, 1982 √ 90. On the Road, 《在路上》, Jack Kerouac

28. 91. The Godfather, 《教父》, Mario Puzo
92. The Clan of the Cave Bear,《洞熊家族》, Jean M Auel(US), a historical fiction novel,1980
93. The Colour of Magic, 《魔法的颜色》(碟形世界系列之一),Terry Pratchett
94. The Alchemist, 《炼金术士》,Paulo Coelho(Brazil)
95. Katherine,《凯瑟琳》, Anya Seton, 1954

29. 96. Kane and Abel,《该隐和亚伯》, Jeffrey Archer 97
96. Kane and Abel,《该隐和亚伯》, Jeffrey Archer 97. Love in the Time of Cholera,《霍乱时期的爱情》, Gabriel García Márquez 98. Girls in Love, Jacqueline Wilson 99. The Princess Diaries,《公主日记》, Meg Cabot 100. Midnight’s Children,《午夜的孩子》, Salman Rushdie

30. 4. Aphra Behn The first professional English woman author
A spy for Charles II in 1666 in Holland.
Back to England to concentrate on writing.

31. Oroonoko a travel narrative (1688)
now considered a foundation stone in the development of the English novel

32. Forerunners of English novel
Daniel Defoe
笛福 ( )
Samuel Richardson
理查森 ( )
Henry Fielding
菲尔丁( )

33. Jonathan Swift, 斯威夫特 (1667-1745)
Richard Sterne, 斯特恩 ( )
Tobias George Smollett, 斯莫莱特(1721–1771)
Oliver Goldsmith, 哥德斯密 ( )

34. Daniel Defoe ( )

35. I. Life
II. Major Works
III. Robinson Crusoe
IV. Other Novels

36. notable for being one of the earliest practitioners of the novel
helped popularize the genre in England
In some texts he is even referred to as one of the founders, if not the founder, of the English novel.

37. I. life born: Daniel Foe in 1660 hometown: London
son of a tallow-chandler and butcher(油烛、屠宰商)

38. chronological notes
1671
Studies at religious academies in preparation for a career of ministry(牧师职业)
1682
Established as a merchant in the hosiery(n. 袜类) trade.

39. 1684
Marries Mary Tuffley and receives dowry of £3,700.
1685
Travels extensively in France, Holland, Italy, and Spain.

40. 1692
Bankrupt for £17,000: agrees to pay his creditors in full
1697
Agent for William III in England and Scotland.

41. “The True-Born Englishman” 1702 “The Shortest Way with the Dissenters”
1701
“The True-Born Englishman”
1702
“The Shortest Way with the Dissenters”
《消灭不同教派的捷径》

42. 1703:
Arrested and put in pillory for “The Shortest Way”
1713
Twice arrested for debt and publishing ironical political pamphlets

43. 1719
First novel Robinson Crusoe successful
1722:a busy year
Moll Flanders, A Journal of the Plague Year, Colonel Jack

44. 1725
Goes on producing pamphlets, biographies, fiction at a prodigious rate.
He produced over 500 books, pamphlets, and journals all his life.

45. Defoe dies at his lodgings in Ropemaker’s Alley, Moorfields.
1731
Defoe dies at his lodgings in Ropemaker’s Alley, Moorfields.
He is buried in the cemetery at Bunhill Fields, in the city of London.
Memorial to Defoe, Bunhill Fields ↑

46. He was approaching 60 when he turned to fiction and produced the Robinson Crusoe (1719), based in part on the experiences of Alexander Selkirk.

47. II. Artistic features Defoe had a gift for organizing minute details
in such a vivid way that his stories could be both credible and fascinating.
His sentences(impression of casual narration):
sometimes short and plain
sometimes long and rambling
(杂乱无章的)

48. III. Major Works Robinson Crusoe,1719, Captain Singleton, 1720,
《鲁宾逊漂流记》
Captain Singleton, 1720,
《辛格顿船长》
Moll Flanders, 1722,
《摩尔·弗兰德斯》

49. A Journal of the Plague Year, 1722
《大疫年记事》
Colonel Jack, 1722,
《杰克上校》
Roxana, 1724
《罗克萨娜》

50. IV. Robinson Crusoe 1. Title 2. Characters 3. Narrative
4. Plot summary
3. Theme
6. Style

51. published as a fictional memoir
This device, presenting an account of supposedly factual events, is known as a “false document”, and gives a realistic frame to the story.

52. The Life and Strange Surprising Adventures of Robinson Crusoe of York, Mariner: who lived Eight and Twenty Years, all alone in an uninhabited Island on the coast of America, near the Mouth of the Great River of Oroonoque; Having been cast on Shore by Shipwreck, wherein all the Men perished but himself. With An Account how he was at last as strangely deliver'd by Pirates. Written by Himself.
1. The title

53. 2. Characters
The book proved so popular that the names of the two main protagonists have entered the language:
Robinson Crusoe
Man Friday

54. (1) Robinson Crusoe
self-independent, practical
perseverant, 坚韧的
inspiring and innovating
adventurous, colonial mind

55. He is no flashy hero or grand epic adventurer.
He does not boast of his courage in quelling the mutiny.
flashy [ lflæʃi ] adj. 俗丽的, 浮华的, 虚饰的
quell [ kwel ] vt. (用武力)制止, 结束, 镇压
mutiny [mju:tini ] n. 叛乱; 兵变; 哗变

56. He is always ready to admit
unheroic feelings of fear or panic,
as when he finds the footprint on
the beach.
Crusoe prefers to depict himself as an ordinary sensible man, never as an exceptional hero.

57. An ordinary man struggling to survive in extraordinary circumstances, Robinson Crusoe wrestles with fate and the nature of God.

58. Crusoe is also a story about the ability of mankind to master his surroundings through hard work, patience, and Christianity.

59. The term “Robinson Crusoe”
virtually synonymous with the word “castaway”
often used as a metaphor for being or doing something alone.

60. “my man Friday”
from which the term “Man Friday” (or “Girl Friday”) originated
referring to a personal assistant, servant, or companion.

61. 3. Narrative a fictional autobiography
written from a first-person point of view
apparently written by an old man looking back on his life
The story also includes material from an incomplete diary, which is integrated into the novel.

62. 4. Plot summary
Crusoe leaves England setting sail from the Queens Dock in Hull on a sea voyage in September, 1651, against the wishes of his parents.

63. After a tumultuous journey that sees his ship wrecked by a vicious storm, his lust for the sea remains so strong that he sets out to sea again.
tumultuous [ tjulmʌltjuəs ] adj. 无秩序的; 混乱的
vicious [ lviʃəs ] adj. 1 恶的, 邪恶的 2 残酷 / 狠毒的
lust for 对…有强烈的欲望, 贪恋

64. This journey ends in disaster.
The ship is taken over by pirates.
Crusoe becomes a slave.
He manages to escape on a ship.

65. The ship is en route to Brazil.
There with the help of the captain, Crusoe becomes owner of a plantation.

66. He proceeds to build a fenced-in habitation and cave, keeps a calendar by making marks in a wooden cross he builds.

67. He hunts, grows corn, learns to make pottery, raises goats, etc.
He reads the Bible and suddenly becomes religious, thanking God for his fate in which nothing is missing but society.

68. He discovers native cannibals occasionally visit the island to kill and eat prisoners.
He dreams of capturing one or two servants by freeing some prisoners.

69. Crusoe at last saves a prisoner, naming him “Friday” after the day of the week he appeared, and
teaches him English
converts him to Christianity

70. After another party of natives arrive to partake in a grisly feast, Crusoe and Friday manage to kill most of the natives and save two of the prisoners.

71. One is Friday’s father. The other is a Spaniard
who informs Crusoe that there are other Spaniards shipwrecked.

72. A plan is devised where the Spaniard would return with Friday’s father to bring back the others, build a ship, and sail to a Spanish port.

73. Before the Spaniards return, an English ship appears.
Mutineers have taken control of the ship and intend to maroon their former captain on the island.
The captain and Crusoe manage to retake the ship.

74. They leave for England, leaving behind three of the mutineers to fend for themselves and inform the Spaniards what happened.

75. 5. Major Themes Religion Adventure Self-reliance Colonialism
Conquest of nature

76. Colonialism
Novelist James Joyce eloquently noted that the true symbol of the British conquest is Robinson Crusoe:
“He is the true prototype of the British colonist… The whole Anglo-Saxon spirit is in Crusoe.”

77. In a sense Crusoe attempts to replicate his own society on the island.
This is achieved through the application of European technology, agriculture and even a rudimentary political hierarchy.
hierarchy ['haiərɑ:ki] n. 等级制度

78. Several times in the novel Crusoe refers to himself as the “king” of the island, whilst the captain describes him as the “governor” to the mutineers.
At the very end of the novel the island is explicitly referred to as a “colony”.

79. The idealized master-servant relationship Defoe depicts between Crusoe and Friday can also be seen in terms of cultural imperialism.

80. Crusoe represents the “enlightened” European.
Friday is the “savage” who can only be redeemed from his supposedly barbarous way of life through the assimilation of Crusoe’s culture.

81. 6. Style
(1) Spiritual Fable
(2) Verisimilitude
(3) Allegory

82. (1) Spiritual Fable Robinson Crusoe: Defoe:
a spiritual or religious fable.
Defoe:
very concerned with religious issues.

83. (2) Verisimilitude perhaps the most singular aspect of the work.
What Defoe did was apply and thereby popularize modern realism.

84. The first sentence
I was born in the Year 1632, in the City of York, of a good Family, tho’ not of that Country, my Father being a Foreigner of Bremen, who settled first at Hull…
----to give the readers an impression that it really happens.

85. (3) Allegory Many critics view Robinson Crusoe
as an allegory for Defoe’s life.