2. Water, Water Everywhere… Water is the key to life – scientists believe that life cannot exist without it! More species of organisms inhabit the water than any other place on Earth Whether you realize it or not, you depend on water every moment of your life http://www.airdrieecho.com/2013/05/15/water-found-below- earths-surface-could-be-a-billion-years-old

3. Earth is called the ‘blue planet” because 74% of the surface is covered by water. The hydrosphere is the area of Earth and its atmosphere where water (and life) is present.

4. How do you depend on water? About 65% of your body mass is water In comparison, an apple is about 84% water and a watermelon is about 98% water Every breath you exhale has water vapor in it Every cellular process uses a tiny fraction of your body’s water To maintain a normal body temperature of 37 degrees Celsius you need to sweat and release water You lose water every time you eliminate wastes as well You need to consume about 2.5L of water each day

7. Salt water – water such as ocean water and seawater that has a high salt content 97% of the earth’s water is salt water – not drinkable (Drinkable water = POTABLE) (Not Drinkable = NON-POTABLE) Fresh water – water that most organisms can drink or use for life functions such as lake water, river water, pond water or well water.

9. In reality only 0.3% of the Earth’s water is useable by humans!

10. Who has the water? Four countries hold almost half of the Earth ’ s renewable supply of freshwater: * Brazil 18%* Canada 9% * China 9%* United States 8% Most of our water is used to feed us! 73% Agricultural Use 22% Industrial Use 5% Domestic Use (including drinking)

11. Water in Canada The Pacific watershed lies west of the Continental Divide in the Canadian Rockies. Canada has 5 major watersheds (drainage basins)

12. Water in Alberta Alberta has just over 2% of Canada’s water supply. 20% of our water is in the north… 80% of our water use is in the south. Beaver River Basin North Saskatchewan River Basin South Saskatchewan River Basin Milk River Basin To Arctic To Hudson’s Bay Hay River Basin Peace/Slave River Basin Athabasca River Basin To Gulf of Mexico

13. In Alberta… 97.5 of our drinking water comes from surface sources water is often stored in reservoirs for future use

14. Properties of Water Water is a molecule made from two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom. The chemical formula for water is H 2 O

15. Properties of Water Water molecules stick to other water molecules. This is called cohesion

16. Properties of Water Water also sticks to things it comes into contact with. This is called adhesion.

19. The Water Cycle Ever wondered when it rains, “Where does all that water go?” Some runs off the land into streams and rivers and then flows into oceans Some soaks, seeps and flows underground Some goes into wetlands and lakes Some just appears to vanish into the atmosphere

20. The ability of water to appear and disappear is the result of 2 previously learned changes of state: evaporation and condensation The water cycle controls the distribution of Earth’s water as it evaporates from bodies of water, condenses, precipitates and returns to those bodies of water The Sun’s energy drives the water cycle

21. The Hydrologic Cycle http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G6FpOdSVeIU

22. Your Task You must create a story of the life cycle of a water droplet as it moves through the water cycle. You need to describe life changes that it goes through (state changes), people/structures/organisms that it meets along the way Adventures that it has as it goes from step to step Environmental problems that it faces (pollution, acid rain, drought etc.) You can present this as the following: A song A iMovie A story A dramatic re-enactment A poster A diorama This will be due Friday and is an individual project. This way there are no excuses about why you could not get it done. I WILL NOT BE GIVING EXTENSIONS AND TODAY WILL BE YOUR ONLY CLASS TO WORK ON THIS.

23. Expectations You will need to clearly demonstrate that you understand the different stages of the water cycle That you clearly explain each step Pictures (that are appropriate) and clearly demonstrate each stage of the water cycle Creativity Neatness High Quality. You hand in something that took you 5 minutes to make you will fail as I will not bother to mark it. Clearly demonstrating that you understand the importance of the water cycle and its impact on life on Earth. I will not be going through the water cycle in great detail but will be testing you on it. Therefore, it is up to you to make sure that you understand what is going on and are able to explain it in detail.

24. The Hydrologic Cycle http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i3NeMVBcXXU http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=okZBiy_IdBA

27. Water Quality  There are 2 major sources of drinking water 1) Groundwater – found below ground 2) Surface water – lakes, ponds, rivers, streams

28. Surface Water Lakes and ponds → standing water In a pond sunlight reaches the bottom In a lake sunlight does not reach the bottom Wetlands → areas that are saturated with water Rivers and streams → flowing water speed, temperature, clarity varies more dissolved oxygen than in standing water

29. Clarity is determined by the amount of matter suspended in the water.

30. Lakes near shore, lots of plants bottom-dwelling life that eats mainly waste from above open water, affected by wind and currents near surfa ce, lots of light & life PROFUNDAL ZONE deep & dark, little life

32. 5 Steps to Lake Succession 1. Lake begins with bare bottom. 2. Seeds are deposited and submerged, vegetation begins to grow under water. 3. Tops of plants emerge from water and begin to catch wind-blown soil… which falls to the bottom of the lake. 4. Water depth decreases forming a warmer pond, followed by wetlands as water gets shallower over time. 5. Trees, shrubs, grasses begin to grow in from the edges.

33. Wetlands Wherever there is a low area in the land, wetlands can occur. There are different types of wetlands, but they all have one characteristic in common – they are all saturated with water all or most of the time. A marsh or slough are good examples of a wetlands.

34. Rivers Rivers are powerful forces… because they move they erode the land they flow over Rivers can move vertically (cutting down) and horizontally (cutting sideways) Rivers transport a lot of sediment with the water

35. Sometimes river channels get cutoff leaving an OXBOW LAKE Old channels will eventually fill in like a lake Rivers also dump tons of sediments into lakes and oceans Sediments dropping out of suspension form deltas

37. Streams A stream is a body of water with a current, confined within a bed and stream banks Streams are important as conduits in the water cycle, important for groundwater recharge, and corridors for fish and wildlife migration. The biological habitat in the immediate vicinity of a stream is called a riparian zone.

38. Too Much Water As we’ve seen in the recent past, too much water in a river stream can cause big problems. A river may overflow its banks and spill out over a wide area of the valley floor called a flood plain.

40. Woah!!!

41. Groundwater Most precipitation that falls on the Earth becomes groundwater Groundwater sits just above bedrock the layer of saturated soil is called the WATER TABLE the water table is closer to the surface in wet years… and deeper from the surface in drier years It is similar to a surface river system… except underground 25% of Albertans get their water from groundwater… mainly for agriculture when a well is drilled pressure forces groundwater to the surface in the well When groundwater gets heated up it often erupts to the surface as a GEYSER

43. The layer of porous rock in which all pores are full of water forms a water table.

44. Groundwater Contamination Groundwater carries with it many dissolved particles of various origins Any addition of undesirable substances to groundwater caused by human activities is considered contamination. Contaminants can be hazardous wastes, chemicals, heavy metals, oil and even sediments.

45. Groundwater Contamination (cont.) Groundwater contaminants come from 2 categories of sources. Point sources are those where the source of a pollutant is from a small, defined area. Non-point sources are those where a pollutant comes from a wide area. Hydrogeologists are scientists who study groundwater (ask me about the Wreck Beach story)

46. Watersheds The area of land that drains into a body of water Upstream areas or start of watershed is called HEADWATERS Downstream areas or end of watershed is called OUTFLOW

47. The Watershed Concept No matter where a raindrop falls, it will eventually end up somewhere else All water on Earth – either surface water or groundwater – is part of a watershed. A watershed, or drainage basin, is the area of land that drains a body of water, such as a river, pond, wetland, lake or ocean. Water hits the ground and either filters into the groundwater or flows downhill

48. Water that doesn’t soak into the ground or evaporate, but flows across the Earth’s surface is called run-off In North America, a continuous ridge of mountain ranges divides the continent into two main drainage areas This ridge of mountains is known as the Continental Divide.

49. Watersheds In Alberta There are 7 major watersheds, or river basins, in Alberta. Peace/Slave River Basin Athabasca River Basin Hay River Basin (flows into the Arctic Ocean) Beaver River Basin North Saskatchewan River Basin South Saskatchewan River Basin (flows into the Hudson’s Bay) Milk River Basin (flows into the Gulf of Mexico)

50. Watersheds (cont.) Landforms determine the size of a watershed. High ground such as mountains, hills, etc. direct water one way or another

51. Watershed Management slow down water flow keep vegetation on surface protect river banks vegetation direct water

52. Affecting Watersheds What are some ways to change the run-off patterns in watersheds? - paving - logging - damming rivers and streams

53. Watershed Management

54. Run-off and Erosion There are many factors that determine whether rain soaks into the ground of runs off – amount of rain, time it takes to fall, slope of the land, amount of vegetation. All of these things affect how much loss of soil or sediments occurs, called erosion. As water flows downhill, sediments are eroded and carried downstream where they will be deposited – called deposition.

55. How can we reduce erosion?

56. Streamflow is used to measure the amount of water discharged by a watershed. It involves measuring the amount of water (volume) that flows past a certain point over a period of time (velocity). Watershed managers also measure the amount of sediment that streams and rivers carry. Why is sediment monitoring important?

57. Importance of Sediment Monitoring Sediment particles released in fish habitats can carry toxic chemicals from run-off Some farming practices increase soil erosion & add sediment-borne toxic chemicals to the environment. Deposition of sediment in rivers or lakes can decrease water depth and make navigation difficult. Sediment can affect the delivery of water – wear out pumps and turbines, etc.

58. Life on Earth depends on the quality of water contained in the hydrosphere Freshwater is not just H 2 O → it contains: dissolved compounds such as salts, phosphorous and other minerals dissolved gases suspended particles (of earth) living organisms adapted to local environments Saltwater also contains salt 3.5% more salinity than freshwater

59. Water Quality Water quality is determined according to what the water is used for. Both Provincial and Federal Government guidelines for water quality in five categories of water use: 1) Human drinking water 2) Recreation 3) Livestock drinking water 4) Irrigation 5) protection of aquatic life How does your water taste? smell? look? How does your water taste? smell? look?

60. How Do We Test Water Quality? Scientists and technicians make sure that these guidelines are being met by monitoring water quality. They use biological and chemical indicators

61. Biological Indicators Scientists use organisms that live in water to help determine water quality. These indicators include fish, plants, worms, insects, plankton, protozoa, bacteria and viruses

63. Indicators of Water Quality Water in the environment is never completely pure The concentration of these compounds affects water quality The following are the most commonly monitored as indicators of water quality: A) dissolved oxygenB) Acidity C) Heavy MetalsD) Pesticides E) NitrogenF) Phosphorous G) Sodium ChlorideH) Magnesium sulfate

64. Cleaning Water water is purified in nature by the hydrological cycle → when water evaporates it leaves behind dissolved compounds… and then rain water is of better quality Did you know that a litre of oil costs about 40 cents … while a litre of water costs about $3!

65. Producing Freshwater Distillation water is boiled in a container evaporating water leaves impurities behind the resulting water vapor is collected, allowed to condense, producing clean distilled water Reverse osmosis pressurized salt water is pushed through a semi permeable membrane which filters out the salt

66. Water Softening Hard (fresh) water is common in many areas… including Calgary  If water contains a lot of dissolved Ca and Mg, it is called hard water  Soft water has less Ca and Mg Hard water limits the foaming action of soap/detergent and leaves a film on your skin Soft water removes some of these minerals

67. Where do harmful particles (toxic substances) come from?  Erosion of rock and soil  Garbage landfills  Sewage  Wastewater treatment plants  Farms  Homes  Water from large companies/factories  Motor boats/jet-skis, etc

69. What are the effects of harmful particles:  Appearance – can taste, smell, or look bad  Appearance of people drinking bad water – skin rashes, bad teeth  Harmful effects within hours – diarrhea and or vomiting  Harmful effects not seen for years – liver disease, cancer

70. Microbiological Indicators Microscopic organisms such as bacteria can cause serious health problems Water samples are taken to determine the numbers and types of microscopic organisms Examples: Escherichia coli http://video.ca.msn.com/watch/video/tragic-memories/16ai6310n?cpkey=7ec5262f-e411- 4cb1-b3e2-6887ff318be6%7c%7c%7c%7c http://vimeo.com/18382889

71. Difference between farm and city water:  Cities can have water tested daily in treatment plants  Some farms may have wells tested twice a year  Farms get water from wells or ponds, while in a city, water comes mostly from lakes and rivers  Water in cities contain high levels of chlorine while farms don’t add chlorine  Farm water is often of much poorer quality

72. Glaciers

73. Glaciers are giant sheets of ice that flow down mountainsides

74. Glaciers The area where the glacier develops is called a cirque- a steep, bowl-shaped mountain valley The gradual buildup of deep snow and ice forms a neve at the head of a glacier. The neve is the region of the glacier where snow packs down and forms ice When the neve becomes more than 33m deep it begins to slide downhill because of the force of gravity

76. Glaciers A glacier moves because the heavy pressure of the ice causes friction with the rock underneath it. The friction melts the ice, creating water, and the glacier moves down the mountain.

77. Glaciers When the ice moves, it cracks and folds as it moves across the landscape. Eventually, the ice flows downhill far enough to an area where it will melt in the spring or summer. The movement of glaciers depends on the climate. In cooler climates, little melting occurs In warmer climates more melting occurs

78. Glaciers Glaciers push large amounts of dirt ahead of them as they travel down a valley Pieces of rock freeze into the layer of ice under a glacier and act like sandpaper, smoothing the rock underneath the glacier. Glaciers can even push large boulders, called glacial erratics.

79. Glaciers After a glacier has melted, it leaves difference shaped piles of rock; smooth-bottomed, U-shaped valleys and kettle lakes

80. Climate vs. Weather Climate is the average weather measured over a long period of time Weather refers to day-to-day temperature and precipitation activity

81. Water and Climate Large bodies of water, like the oceans and the Great Lakes, influence the weather and climate in their regions. It takes a very long time to raise and lower the temperature of water The main effect that this has on climate in an area is to prevent extremes in temperatures

82. Saltwater Systems http://topdocumentaryfilms.com/death-oceans/

83. Oceans and Seas Oceans and seas cover 75% of Earth’s surface and contain about 97% of the world’s water Ocean water is made up of about 3% salt and about 1% other elements such as gold, fluoride, magnesium, calcium and potassium The measure of the amount of salts present in a given amount of a fluid is called salinity.

84. Oceans The ocean covers approximately 72% of Earth’s total surface area and is one continuous body of salt water This body of water is divided into five regions Pacific Ocean Atlantic Ocean Indian Ocean Artic Ocean Antarctic Ocean

85. Seas Seas are smaller bodies of salt water that are connected to the ocean. Some examples of well known seas are: Arabian Sea Baltic Sea Dead Sea Caspian Sea Bering Sea

86. Currents Currents are streams of water that move within a larger body of water Currents are caused by: Wind Temperature differences in the water Salinity differences in the water Earth’s rotation

87. Ocean Currents and Precipitation Warm air can hold more moisture than cold air As a result, wind blowing over a warm ocean current will carry more moisture Wind blowing over cold ocean currents will be relatively dry

88. El Nino Is a band of warm ocean water temperatures that occasionally develops off the western coast of South America and can cause climatic changes across the Pacific Ocean. El Nino causes extreme weather such as floods and droughts in many regions of the world

89. La Nina During a period of La Niña, the sea surface temperature across the equatorial Eastern Central Pacific Ocean will be lower than normal by 3–5 °C. Opposite of those of El Niño; for example, La Niña would cause a dry period in the Midwestern U.S.

90. Diversity Diversity in an ecosystem refers to the variety of different kinds of species living there. Oceans support the highest amount of diversity than any other ecosystem on Earth. 2/3 of all the major types of organisms in the world live part or all of their lives in salt water

91. Ocean Diversity

92. Ocean Waves Waves are surface movements occurring whenever a force comes in contact with water.

93. Causes of Waves Most waves are caused by the wind (a force). Stronger forces cause larger waves. As ocean waves move closer to the shore their bottoms drag on the ocean floor and their tops rise and break onto the shore

95. How does the imagery make you feel? Look at the details in the picture. What do you imagine the film is about? What do you notice about the title? (The first letter is a different colour from the rest.) Why do you think that choice was made? (Explore the relationship between "evolution" and "revolution" as a lead-in to the subject of the film.)

96. Tides The water level along the coast of continents changes constantly. This water level is called a tide. High tide is the highest level the water will reach on shore While low tide is the lowest level it will reach onshore. Usually there are two high tides and two low tides each day. The largest tidal movements are spring tides, whereas the smallest tidal movements are called neap tides. The difference in level between high tides and low tides is called tidal range.

97. What Causes Tides? The gravitational force of the moon and the rotation of the Earth on its axis cause tides. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/earth/what-causes-the-tides.html

98. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aN2RM5wa1ek

99. Living in Aquatic Ecosystems An adaptation is a physical characteristic or behavior of a species. An adaptation increases the species’ chances of survival in a particular environment Aquatic species have adaptations that help them to breathe, feed, move and reproduce in water. For example: fish have gills to enable them to remove oxygen from the water

100. Factors that Influence Adaptations Temperature Light Pressure Salinity Water Movement

101. Temperatures Plants and animals have adapted to the temperature of the water that they live in Mammals that live in cold water have thick layers of fat to keep them warm Fish are cold blooded which means that their internal temperature is controlled by the temperature of the water around them

102. Light Most plants and animals that live in the water live in the euphotic zone. In deep water, some animals use bioluminescence Plants need light to photosynthesize

103. Pressure The deeper in the water you go, the greater the water pressure is.

104. Salinity The amount of salt in a body of water determines what types of organisms can exist in it. If the water is salty, animals and plants must be able to rid their cells if extra salt or prevent it from entering their cells. Some organisms can live in both salt and fresh water environments. Fresh water sharks and salmon

105. Water Movement Fish, plants and mammals use the powerful ocean currents to help them travel or feed. Other stationary organisms depend on ocean currents to bring them food. Need to have adaptions that allow them to anchor themselves to rocks and other fixed objects. Or digging into the sand

106. Important Dates