1. L2 Demonstrate a geographic understanding of a large natural environment: Amazon Basin 1 Choose 2 natural characteristics (elements) that create patterns in the environment from climate, soils, vegetation, landforms. a)Draw an annotated sketch map or diagram to show: the patterns created by the 2 natural characteristics. Note: annotate means more than just label. It could include where the features are located and a reference to the pattern created. A sketch map still needs FACKTS and SPECIFIC DATA. b) Fully explain the patterns created by each characteristic. Use altitude (which you know from your research affects all climate features), steepness of slopes, closeness to the sea, position relative to ITCZ, position relative to the equator and hence convectional rainfall.

2. Example: Vegetation Patterns 4 Thorn forest peripheral And along the coast Resistant to salt winds 1 Selva-Seasonal rainforest Central, and low lying area with av 27’C and 2700mm rain pa.at Manaus. Caused By ITCZ 2 Evergreen rainforest to The West In rain shadow of Andes eg Puerto Maldenado 180m 3 Savanna grassland to N and S of equator on higher Plateaux (2,800m) where less rain and cooler. 5 Andes tussock grass to the West at higher Altitudes Eg Cuzco 3600m N KeyScale

3. c) You may be asked how the interaction of the 2 characteristics varies from place to place ie is different in different parts of the environment. Use the same factors to explain the interaction of vegetation with landforms. Vegetation interacts with relief or landforms Savanna and tussock grass grows only at higher altitudes because ------- Selva or tropical rainforest grows at low altitudes Because ----- Evergreen rainforest grows in rain shadow of Andes Because --- Thorn forest grows along coastal strip Because --

4. How the processes operating in the large natural environment interact Processes can be divided into processes below the earth, land forming processes (convection currents, subduction, folding and uplift of Andes fold mts) and above, land modifying processes. Above= weathering, (the break down of rocks due to freeze thaw action in the Andes over 3,000m) mass wasting, (movement downhill due to gravity eg landslides, rockfalls) glaciation, (erosion of U shaped valleys by ice) river erosion, transportation and deposition. The amazon is over 6,000km long, with 15 tributaries over 1000km long eg Madre de Dios which the Tambopata flows into, and disharges 15% of all rivers in the world so does a huge amount of work, transporting and depositing especially. Transports 1.2billion tonnes of sediment pa. White water rivers from Andes, clear water from Plateaux, black water from basin.

5. Choose 2 groups of people and state their perception of the Amazon basin at 2 different times. Include supporting evidence. Give reasons for change over time 1 Native Indians Enawene Nawe live in Mato grosso state. In the Past saw the land and rivers as theirs as indigenous people. Indigenous perspective. Then 11 dams planned on Juruena R. Present, Enawene Nawe have become more militant and willing to protest and to fight for their rivers and land because they are more educated and more and more dams are proposed as Brazils economy grows. Environmental perspective. 16/8/2012 federal judge suspended work on massive Belo Monte Dam, costing US $11billion as a result of activists who say it will devastate wildlife and livelihoods of 40,000 people who live in the area to be flooded. Interfere with fishing (only source of protein) and Yakwa rituals.

6. Peruvian Amazon- Tambopata National Reserve, Ese eja are indigenous people fishing, hunting and gathering with some shifting cultivation. Until law change in 1974, no indigenous communities were legally recognised in Peru. This law has changed their attitude as they can now legally own land. Joined with private tourism company to build tourism Lodges eg Refuge Amazonias. They receive 70-80% of profits for personel use and rest goes into community projects.

7. Choose 2 groups of people and state their perception of the Amazon basin at 2 different times. Include supporting evidence. Give reasons for change over time 2 Soya Bean King, former govenor of Mato Grosso, Blair Maggio, world's largestindividual soya producer Past economic perspective-make money by cutting down forest and growing soya beans. 2003 destruction of the Amazon rose by 2/5ths. 2006 received “Golden Chainsaw Award” from Greenpeace responsible for 48 percent of the total forest loss in theBrazilian Amazon Aim to triple agricultural production in 10yrs. Present defending the forests. Maybe a political viewpoint- needs votes to remain mayor and public opinion is defending the forests. He has created Amazon Biome and Cerrado Biome, land that cannot be cleared. Mr. Maggi also saw the emerging carbon market as an opportunity to create positive economic value for standing forests.

8. L2 Demonstrate geographic understanding of differences in development 1 Choose 2 characteristics of development eg wealth, (GDP per capita) health, (infant mortality rates, life expectancy) education, (literacy rates, years at school) political freedom (voting rights) social freedom (race, gender discrimination) and explain how they demonstrate differences in development between USA and Afghanistan. Use specific detail. What do they tell us about development? That USA is wealthier, healthier, better educated than Afghanistan. GDP per capita USA $54,000 Afg $1000 Infant mort per 1000 USA 8 Afg 257 Literacy USA 99% Afg 24%

9. Explanation USA is 2 nd wealthiest in world according to GDP, people are healthy and therefore can work efficiently and educated so that they can work productively. Lets look at effects on agricultural and industrial production, overseas trade and international relations. This means that they have money spare to invest in industries like oil (Exxon Mobll, Texas 1 st ), Electronics (Hewlett Packard, California 29 th ), chemicals, cars (General Motors, Detroit 20 th largest), as well as agricultural production of wheat, cattle etc. The products of these companies can be exported, enabling USA to earn overseas currency and make more money. USA’s exports= $ 1.024trillion (no 3 =cars) To Canada (20%), Mexico (12%), China (6%) This pays for many and varied imports that improve the USA’s standard of living ( no 3 medicines) Imports $2.01 trillion, from China (17%) Canada (16%) Mexico (10%). Money spent on health (16% of GDP) ensures continuing health of population. Similarily money is invested in an educated population and 25% of the population are educated to Batchellor degree standard. As a result, USA has a varied economy with services (50%) contributing most to GDP and over 80% of population live in urban areas where services are the main employers. Internationally, USA is part of the UN and has embassies in most countries and tourists visit the USA from most countries, adding to their income and providing 7.5m jobs. War is a drain on the economy but also provides employment. The U.S. is highly influential in the world. The global reach of the United States is backed by a $15 trillion economy, approximately a quarter of global GDP, and a defense budget of $711 billion, which accounts for approximately 43% of global military spending. Illustration Lorenz Curvea quarter of global GDP43% of global military spending

10. Explanation Afghanistan is shown to be less developed. GDP $466 per head. Afghanistan 177 th in world according to GDP. people are not healthy and therefore cannot work efficiently and uneducated so that they cannot work productively. Lets look at effects on agricultural and industrial production, overseas trade and international relations. GDP is also low because Afghanistan is 49% mountainous so even though agriculture is the main industry, it is mostly subsistence and contributes very little to development. 78% of the people work in agriculture but it only contributes 31% to GDP. Only 22% live in urban areas, where most industries are located and these industries are restricted to carpet making and dried fruit production by companies like Dole. As a result, Afghanistan has few Exports with a value of only $576m. Exports to Pakistan 55% India 12% Iran 2% (fruit, nuts, carpets) Not enough is earned to buy even necessities (food, oil, manufactured goods). As a result, their standard of living is low. Imports value $2,513m and come from Pakistan 17% China 15% Japan 12%. This uses money that could otherwise be spent on health, education. Only 7.4% of GDP spent on health. Many do not attend school making it hard for young people to get jobs even if there were jobs available. Youth literacy rates M 49% F 18%. Health also restricts their productivity as only 37% in rural areas have improved drinking water, meaning they are more susceptible to diseases and not as productive. Also, 35% of people are unemployed and so contribute nothing to GDP. GDP is low BECAUSE— although Afghanistan has minerals (iron copper gold silver in NE and emerald in SE) it has no money to develop them, war prevents foreign investment and they are not accessible. $57b AID money has been pledged by other countries since 2002 but too much conflict for development. International relations are becoming more and more strained as overseas troops are killed by Taliban and tourist numbers are about 3,00 pa compared with 120,000 in 1970’s.

11. 3 Choose 2 Strategies and explain HOW they might be implemented and HOW they might make a significant reduction in differences in development, by Govt or non-Govt organisations. Strategy 1Govt. Political stability. May only be implemented if there is No more war. Govt needs to encourage overseas aid and investment in Afghanistan. Today Islamic democracy under Hamid Karzai but still corrupt and busy fighting Taliban with US, Aust, UK troops, destroying any hope of growth. Politically unstable since 1700’s. One program is the Kabul International Ag Fair. The fair – a project assisted by USAID – ran yearly from 2007-2009, attracting 40,000 to 60,000 visitors through two days. According to the Ag Fair’s website, the festival’s even attracted an American sponsor – the Afghan affiliate of U.S. based Coca-Cola. Marriott Hotels invested $80 million to build a hotel and expand operations into Afghanistan. Construction is expected to be completed by the end of 2010, encouraging tourists to visit Afghanistan. David Murdock, chairman of Dole Foods Company, visited Afghanistan in 2007 to discuss a potential Afghan presence for the company. This can reduce disparities between Afghanistan and USA shown by progress is in the urban and stable areas of the North of Afghanistan, where people are better off, better educated and healthier. Urban areas 54% literacy, rural areas 18%. These peoples standard of living are more like their counterparts in the smaller urban areas of the USA, although still a long way behind wealthy Americans.

12. Strategy 2 Govt. Economic growth and increased incomes, so that people don't spend most of their time desperately trying to keep their families alive. Govt.Policymakers zero in on two areas to grow Afghanistan's $11.4 billion economy: agriculture and mining. Mining is currently a $52 million a year industry – less than 1 percent of the economy. But a few big-name projects highlight its potential. In a deal with the Chinese in 2007, the Aynak copper mine will bring in $1 billion of annual revenue for Kabul. And bids were due Feb. 15 to exploit Hajigak, a massive iron ore deposit. "That's estimated to bring in up to $3 billion a year in government revenues for centuries," says Craig Steffensen, Afghanistan country director for the Asian Development Bank.KabulCraig SteffensenAsian Development Bank "I think the mining sector is this magic bullet that everyone is looking for to sustain things without [foreign donors] having to cover costs.“ To be implemented, overseas investors like the Chinese are needed and Western investors have to be confident that Afghanistan’s uncertain regulatory environment, corruption, lack of transparency, and lack of security have all been sorted by the Govt.

13. Afghanistan’s economy saw record real GDP growth in 2009/10 at 22.5 percent. This will reduce differences with USA. Agriculture will always show great volatility because of its weather dependency, but recovery from the severe drought of 2008/09 resulted in agriculture output growth of 36 percent Even with an uncertain and deteriorating security situation, strong output (non-agricultural component of 14 percent) was driven by increased donor spending – a 24 percent increase in donor grants and about US$ 4 billion in off-budget donor funding. However there are a number of economic indicators suggesting that Afghanistan is on an unsustainable growth path and will continue to lag behind USA. Little is produced for export purposes while the country depends heavily on imports for reconstruction and food. Another major concern is the fact that gross revenues from opium trade are estimated to be equivalent to as much as third of measured GDP (opium is not reflected in the official GDP numbers). Afghanistan is the source of 93 percent of the world’s opium production and the area under cultivation more than doubled from 2003 to 2007.

14. 2 There is another possible question on HOW natural and cultural factors contribute to differing levels of development.