1. Introducing OmniWell™
Oil & Gas Downhole Sensing Challenges and Solutions
KTN Event : Sensing in Extreme Environments
Introducing OmniWell™
Permanent Production and Reservoir Monitoring
Mario Toro – Production Optimization Solutions Weatherford
London, 7th May 2015

2. Weatherford
Weatherford are a Global provider of Oil and Gas products and services and are located in over 120 Countries, here in the UK we have locations in London, Aberdeen, Edinburgh, Great Yarmouth, East Grinstead, Inverness, Arbroath, Dorchester, Tewksbury and Plymouth (UK 1800 staff)
We have over 135 different Product lines and 56,000 Employees split into 4 main groups –
Formation Evaluation
Well Construction
Completion & Stimulation
Production Optimisation
Purpose
Weatherford supports the sustainable development and production of oil and gas resources, wherever they exist, to ensure the world’s current and future energy needs can be met safely, efficiently and economically

3. Weatherford Monitoring
Over 50 countries and 300 people
Over 500 permanent monitoring installations per year:
15-20% optic, 75-80% electronic systems
~4 million feet of Downhole cable per year
Install circa 800 P/T gauges per year
Premium monitoring (optics, quartz) ~50-50% land-offshore , 8 Subsea installs

4. Oil & Gas Downhole Sensing Challenges
Production and Reservoir Monitoring : Intelligent Wells
Sandface monitoring
Artificial Lift
Heavy oil / Thermal recovery
HPHT applications (up to 300 Deg C)
Shale/ Multi stage fracking
Borehole and Microseismic monitoring
Subsea monitoring

5. What is OmniWell Monitoring?
Weatherford’s solution and technology platform for permanent downhole monitoring
Full suite of electrical & optical sensors
Best-in-class optical sensors
Proven track record
Experienced operational teams
Real-time data acquisition
Production optimization software and consulting services
Complete data integration solutions
Right data, right time, right decisions

6. OmniWell Sensing System
Electronic sensing systems
Pressure, temperature and vibration sensing
Up to 200°C and 25 kpsi
Over 6,500 gauges installed worldwide
Over 210 Quartz installations (start 2008)
Optical sensing
Pressure/temperature gauges
Multi-point temperature arrays
Full bore downhole multiphase Flowmeter
Multi-component in-well seismic
Distributed temperature sensing
Up to 572°F (300°C) and 30,000 psi (2,068 bar)
Over 6,000 discrete sensors installed downhole

7. Why Optical Permanent Monitoring Systems?
High Reliability
No Downhole Electronics
No Moving Parts
Nominal Part Count
Ideally Suited For Harsh Environments
High Temperature Capability
Vibration and Shock Tolerant
High Data Transmission Capability
Multiple Sensors on Common Fiber Infrastructure
Technological Advances Driven by Telecom
Rigorously Qualified
Field Proven
Script:
The main benefit of optical sensing systems is increased reliability, which in turn leads to long-term production and reservoir optimization. Note the failure rate vs. time graph: electronic sensors follow the classic “bath tub” failure characteristic – infant mortalities do occur, followed by a period of level reliability, and then a wear-out phase. The wear-out phase produces a sudden and sharp increase in failure rates. The higher the operating temperature, the sooner this wear-out phase occurs. Optical sensors, on the other hand, don’t have the same wear-out phase as electronic systems. In fact, they can provide operational life that’s four times as long as the typical five-year electronic equivalent.
Likewise, the reliability vs. temperature graph illustrates that temperature plays a major role in the reliability of permanent monitoring systems. With an electronic system, reliability decreased exponentially with increase in temperature. However, temperature increase does not reduce reliability in an optical system because it does not incorporate any downhole electronics. Glass inherently performs well at high temperatures.
Consider two analogies here. When you buy a car you will drive it for say 100,000 miles and then everything will go wrong at once – brakes, engine, exhaust, steering. The car has reached the wear out phase of it’s bath tub curve. An optical sensing system is like a car that runs for ever.
Consider the lap top this presentation is being presented from. It’s full of electronics. If I left it running in this cool air conditioned room it would run for how long – 2 years, 3 years, maybe even 5 years. Eventually though, the electronics would degrade and fail. If I put the same laptop outside in a hot climate it would fail earlier. Temperature would result in the electronics degrading more quickly. Consider a laptop made only of glass – it would run just as long outside in a hot climate as it would in this room. This is proven fact, there is published theory on degradation rate of electronics with temperature increase.

8. What are Fiber Bragg Gratings?
Interfering UV laser beams inscribe FBG on core of optical fiber
FBG is wavelength- (color-) specific reflector
Applied strain changes FBG reflective wavelength
Package FBG so that measured quantity strains FBG
Surface instrument detects associated wavelength shift
Calibration algorithm converts wavelength to measurement
As was discussed in the previous section, the optical fibre runs from from the instrument through the sensors to the end of the well, or at least the fibre! Each sensor or FBG has a different area of the bandwith to work within. This slide reminds you of the principles involved in a FBG partially reflecting specific wavelengths and the movement of the wavelength when under the influence of strain, however it is translated from the sensor to the FBG. Unfortunately seismic sensors need to be a good bit more sensitive than a single FBG.

9. Notable Milestones along the way…
WORLD-FIRST DOWNHOLE FIBER OPTIC INSTALLATIONS

10. Optical Sensing – Rapid Adoption, Improved Reliability
600 installations, 6000 optical sensors and 5.6M metres of fiber installed to date.
* Data current as of June 2013

11. OmniWell Technology Glass CaneTM Bragg Grating Sensors
HPHT CanePTTM gauges and CaneATSTM Array Temperature Sensing (ATS)
LxDATATM Fiber Bragg Grating Sensors
Slimline LxPTTM Gauges and LxATSTM Array Temperature Sensing (ATS)
Interferometric Acoustic Sensors
Single and Multiphase RheosTM Flowmeters and ClarionTM Seismic Accelerometers
Distributed Sensing
Distributed Temperature Sensing (DTS, ATS, DAS)
Electronic Pressure/Temp Monitoring
Silicon on Insulator Strain and Resonating Shear Quartz

12. Optical Sensing Configurations
Temperature measurements along the well can be attained by several techniques.
Point sensor
Distributed sensor
Continuous sensor
Quasi-distributed sensor
Multiple sensor locations PT
Single sensor location
DTS
ATS

13. Distributed Temperature Sensing (DTS)
Monitoring Application
Thermal profile of well
Production and injection profiling
Monitor water, gas, steam breakthrough
Identify well problems (Leak detection)
Gas lift monitoring
Wax, Paraffin and hydrate formation monitoring
Perforation effectiveness & completion integrity
Installed in over 261 wells (262 sensors) worldwide
Variety of DTS instrumentation available
Single Mode (275°C) & Multi Mode (175°C)
Although a simple measurement, having the distributed temperature across the whole well enables remarkable insight into the physical health of a well and the production environment once properly interpreted.
DTS Well Profile

14. Array Temperature Sensing (ATS)
Applications:
Determination of wellbore fluid flow rates
Characterization of contribution of oil, water, and gas to the production stream
Monitoring of water and steam injection performance
Detection of water or gas for breakthrough
Seamless integration with other Weatherford optical sensors
Intelligent wells
Subsea wells, where reliability and longevity are crucial
Leveraging Proven Monolithic
Glass Waveguide Technology

15. DAS (Distributed Acoustic Sensing)
Distributed Sensor
Fiber = Continuous Acoustic Sensor
DAS uses a (downhole) fibre to monitor the acoustic field continuously along its length
Typical specifications:
Spatial resolution: 1 or 10m
Range: 2km, 10km, >40km
Frequency Range: 0.1Hz – 20kHz (depends on range)
Sensitivity: 60 dBA*
Dynamic range: > 90 dB
Update time: < 1 second

16. Distributed Acoustic Sensing
Acoustic measurements along fiber
Mainly single mode
Weatherford cable is “DAS capable”
Multiple case studies presented
Key Applications
Noise and vibration monitoring
Gas flow measurement
Seismic imaging
Challenges
Large amount of data (terabytes)
Expensive surface instrumentation
Sensor performance uncertainties
SPE
EAGE 2012, Copenhagen, Madsen, et al 16 16

17. Optical Flowmeter Applications
Direct Determination of Productivity Index
Zonal production allocation
Reduce surface well tests and surface facilities
Commingled production
Identify production anomalies on real time
Full bore, non-intrusive, no moving parts
No downhole electronics, sensor isolated
Liquid, gas, or multiphase
Real-time, High accuracy:
single-phase ±1%, multiphase ±5%
Zero drift
Bi-directional flow rate
76 wells install run worldwide

18. Flowmeter Functionality
SOS 18 18

19. Flow Velocity Velocity
wave-number/frequency plot
Turbulent pipe flow contains vortical structures that convect with the flow
Vortices are “tracked” using sensors mounted on the outside of the pipe
Highest power distribution of the flow is determined in the space-time domain
Wave number/frequency plots
Velocity is calculated from the slope of the highest power distribution 19 19

20. Clarion™ Seismic System
Life of Well™ Borehole Seismic
Development and production environment
Production, injection and monitor wells
High resolution capabilities of in-well seismic
Time-lapse (4D) VSP imaging
Continuous seismic monitoring
Microseismic, seismic while drilling
High Performance
Broad bandwidth, high sensitivity and wide dynamic range
Optical Seismic Sensors
3-component accelerometer
10 wells (48 sensors) installed
Standard Weatherford optical backbone
Combines with optical PT, DTS & Flow

21. Permanent Seismic Applications21 21

22. Optical Cable Designed for life-of-well reliability HP/HT applications
25,000 psi (1,700 bar)
347°F (177°C)
572°F (300°C)
Up to 3 fibers for multiple measurements
Single mode and multimode
> 3 fibers for 212°F (150°C)
Supports all Weatherford optical sensor types
Bragg grating sensors, DTS
Proven hydrogen and fluid resistance
Hydrogen resistant fiber
Hydrogen protective barrier
Standard ¼” cable installation procedures
4 Fibre available for Specialist installations
Over 5.6 Million meters installed worldwide
The back bone of all of the optical sensors is the downhole cable. This consists of a patented system of 3 fibres loosely held within an incoloy tube so that for the deployment purposes it looks and behaves exactly like any hydraulic control line. Weatherford engineers and operator personnel have been running these lines with completions for many years and the standard method of running these is well understood and is reliable. The sensors can be mixed and matched onto these fibres but there is a limit to the combinations ans the number of sensors per fibre. Of course, multiple fibres can be deployed at one time. I think the most we have run at once is 7 including true hydraulic lines.

23. Flexible Sensor Systems Configurations
Each optical fiber can support a wide variety of monitoring combinations to meet application requirements. The ability to multi-drop sensors on a single fiber is key to monitoring applications. (3 or 4 fibres in cable)
1 x Flow
2 x P/T
Single Mode
DTS
Multi Mode
4 x P/T
18 x ATS
1 x P/T
12 x CaneATS
Single Mode
Single Mode
DTS
1 x PT
40 x LxATS

24. Introducing OmniWell™
Thank you !
Introducing OmniWell™
Permanent Production and Reservoir Monitoring
Mario Toro – Production Optimization Solutions Weatherford
London, 7th May 2015