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4. Industrial Production of Antibiotics Vitamins and Amino Acids Steroids Enzymes Used in Industry Health Industry Microbial Products Industrial Microbiology > Health Industry Microbial Products Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/microbiology?campaign_content=book_5759_section_212&campaign_term=Microbiology&utm_campaign=powerpoint&utm_ medium=direct&utm_source=boundless

5. Antibiotics are the secondary metabolites of microorganisms. During processing, the antibiotic must be extracted and purified to a crystalline product. Useful antibiotics are often discovered using a screening process or a rational design process. Industrial Production of Antibiotics Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/microbiology/textbooks/alternative-to-microbiology-a-systems-approach-3rd-marjorie-kelly-cowan-0077431197- 9780077431198/industrial-microbiology-25/health-industry-microbial-products-212/industrial-production-of-antibiotics-977- 6911?campaign_content=book_5759_section_212&campaign_term=Microbiology&utm_campaign=powerpoint&utm_medium=direct&utm_source =boundless An agar plate with microorganisms View on Boundless.com Industrial Microbiology > Health Industry Microbial Products

6. Amino acids are organic compounds made from amine (-NH2) and carboxylic acid (-COOH) functional groups, and a specific side-chain. Vitamin K is a group of structurally similar, fat-soluble vitamins that are needed for the posttranslational modification of certain proteins. Bacteria in the colon (large intestine) can produce a range of vitamin K2 forms, and can also convert vitamin K1 into vitamin K2. Vitamins and Amino Acids Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/microbiology/textbooks/alternative-to-microbiology-a-systems-approach-3rd-marjorie-kelly-cowan-0077431197- 9780077431198/industrial-microbiology-25/health-industry-microbial-products-212/vitamins-and-amino-acids-978- 4866?campaign_content=book_5759_section_212&campaign_term=Microbiology&utm_campaign=powerpoint&utm_medium=direct&utm_source =boundless Vitamin K1 (phylloquinone) View on Boundless.com Industrial Microbiology > Health Industry Microbial Products

7. Steroid biosynthesis is an anabolic metabolic pathway that produces steroids from simple precursors. In plants and bacteria, the non-mevalonate pathway uses pyruvate and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate as substrates. The classical mevalonate pathway or HMG-CoA reductase pathway is an important cellular metabolic pathway present in all higher eukaryotes and many bacteria. Steroids Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/microbiology/textbooks/alternative-to-microbiology-a-systems-approach-3rd-marjorie-kelly-cowan-0077431197- 9780077431198/industrial-microbiology-25/health-industry-microbial-products-212/steroids-979- 5186?campaign_content=book_5759_section_212&campaign_term=Microbiology&utm_campaign=powerpoint&utm_medium=direct&utm_source =boundless Steroid Lanosterol View on Boundless.com Industrial Microbiology > Health Industry Microbial Products

8. Since enzymes are selective for their substrates and speed up only a few reactions from among many possibilities, the set of enzymes made in a cell determines which metabolic pathways occur in that cell. Synthetic molecules called artificial enzymes also display enzyme-like catalysis. Enzymes are used in the chemical industry and other industrial applications when extremely specific catalysts are required. Enzymes Used in Industry Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/microbiology/textbooks/alternative-to-microbiology-a-systems-approach-3rd-marjorie-kelly-cowan-0077431197- 9780077431198/industrial-microbiology-25/health-industry-microbial-products-212/enzymes-used-in-industry-980- 5469?campaign_content=book_5759_section_212&campaign_term=Microbiology&utm_campaign=powerpoint&utm_medium=direct&utm_source =boundless Enzymatic Catalysis View on Boundless.com Industrial Microbiology > Health Industry Microbial Products

9. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Appendix

10. Key terms amino acid Any organic compound containing both an amino and a carboxylic acid functional group. anabolic Anabolism is the set of metabolic pathways that construct molecules from smaller units. antibiotic Any substance that can destroy or inhibit the growth of bacteria and similar microorganisms. biosynthesis The synthesis of organic compounds within a living organism, especially the synthesis of large compounds from small ones. chemical reactions Processes that lead to the transformation of one set of chemical substances to another. dichotomous key a tool for identification of plants and animals, written as a sequence of paired questions, the choice of which determines the next pair of questions until a name or identification is reached enzymes Biological molecules that catalyze (i.e., increase the rates of) chemical reactions. fermentation Any of many anaerobic biochemical reactions in which an enzyme (or several enzymes produced by a microorganism) catalyses the conversion of one substance into another; especially the conversion (using yeast) of sugars to alcohol or acetic acid with the evolution of carbon dioxide. metabolite Any substance produced by, or taking part in, a metabolic reaction. rennin a proteolytic enzyme, obtained the gastric juice of the abomasum of calves, used to coagulate milk and make cheese steroid A class of organic compounds having a structure of 17 carbon atoms arranged in four rings; they are lipids, and occur naturally as sterols, bile acids, adrenal and sex hormones, and some vitamins; many drugs are synthetic steroids. synthesize To combine two or more things to produce a new, more complex product. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Industrial Microbiology

11. Synthetic The combination of two or more parts, whether by design or by natural processes. It may imply being prepared or made artificially, in contrast to naturally. vitamin Any of a specific group of organic compounds essential in small quantities for healthy human growth, metabolism, development, and body function; found in minute amounts in plant and animal foods or sometimes produced synthetically; deficiencies of specific vitamins produce specific disorders. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Industrial Microbiology

12. Steroid Synthesis This is a simplified version of the latter part of steroid synthesis pathway, where the intermediates isopentenyl pyrophosphate (PP or IPP) and dimethylallyl pyrophosphate (DMAPP) form geranyl pyrophosphate (GPP), squalene and, finally, lanosterol, the first steroid in the pathways. Some intermediates are omitted for clarity. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia. "Sterol synthesis." Public domain http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sterol_synthesis.svg View on Boundless.comPublic domainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sterol_synthesis.svgView on Boundless.com Industrial Microbiology

13. Vitamin K1 (phylloquinone) This is vitamin K1 (phylloquinone). Both forms of the vitamin contain a functional naphthoquinone ring and an aliphatic side-chain. Phylloquinone has a phytyl side-chain. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia. "Phylloquinone structure." Public domain http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Phylloquinone_structure.svg View on Boundless.comPublic domainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Phylloquinone_structure.svgView on Boundless.com Industrial Microbiology

14. Steroid Lanosterol This is the stick model of the steroid lanosterol. The total number of carbons (30) reflects its triterpenoid origin. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia. "Lanosterol-3D-sticks." Public domain http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lanosterol-3D-sticks.png View on Boundless.comPublic domainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lanosterol-3D-sticks.pngView on Boundless.com Industrial Microbiology

15. Enzymatic Catalysis Model of enzymatic catalysis Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia. "Enzyme catalysis." GNU FDL http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzyme_catalysis View on Boundless.comGNU FDLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzyme_catalysisView on Boundless.com Industrial Microbiology

16. An agar plate with microorganisms This is an agar plate streaked with microorganisms. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia. "Production of antibiotics." GNU FDL http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Production_of_antibiotics#Industrial_production_techniques View on Boundless.comGNU FDLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Production_of_antibiotics#Industrial_production_techniquesView on Boundless.com Industrial Microbiology

17. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Industrial Microbiology Which of the following is a primary metabolite? A) ethanol B) penicillin C) vancomycin D) erythromycin

18. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.comwww.boundless.com Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/CC BY-SA 3.0http://www.boundless.com/ Industrial Microbiology Which of the following is a primary metabolite? A) ethanol B) penicillin C) vancomycin D) erythromycin

19. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Industrial Microbiology Which of the following vitamins is produced in large amounts by bacteria in the colon? A) Vitamin K2 B) Vitamin D C) Vitamin C D) Vitamin A

20. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.comwww.boundless.com Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/CC BY-SA 3.0http://www.boundless.com/ Industrial Microbiology Which of the following vitamins is produced in large amounts by bacteria in the colon? A) Vitamin K2 B) Vitamin D C) Vitamin C D) Vitamin A

21. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Industrial Microbiology Which of the following is a building block for steroid biosynthesis in humans and other animals? A) pyruvate B) glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate C) acetyl-CoA D) glycerol

22. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.comwww.boundless.com Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/CC BY-SA 3.0http://www.boundless.com/ Industrial Microbiology Which of the following is a building block for steroid biosynthesis in humans and other animals? A) pyruvate B) glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate C) acetyl-CoA D) glycerol

23. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Industrial Microbiology Which of the following enzymes is used in the brewing industry? A) rennin B) trypsin C) cellulase D) amylase

24. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.comwww.boundless.com Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/CC BY-SA 3.0http://www.boundless.com/ Industrial Microbiology Which of the following enzymes is used in the brewing industry? A) rennin B) trypsin C) cellulase D) amylase

25. Attribution Wikipedia. "Amino acid." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amino_acidCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amino_acid Wikipedia. "Vitamin K." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_KCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_K Wikipedia. "Amino acid." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amino_acidCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amino_acid Wiktionary. "dichotomous key." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/dichotomous+keyCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/dichotomous+key Wiktionary. "synthesize." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/synthesizeCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/synthesize Wiktionary. "vitamin." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/vitaminCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/vitamin Wiktionary. "amino acid." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/amino+acidCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/amino+acid Wikipedia. "Steroid." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SteroidCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steroid Wikipedia. "Non-mevalonate pathway." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-mevalonate_pathwayCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-mevalonate_pathway Wiktionary. "biosynthesis." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/biosynthesisCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/biosynthesis Boundless Learning. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com//physiology/definition/anabolicCC BY-SA 3.0http://www.boundless.com//physiology/definition/anabolic Wiktionary. "steroid." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/steroidCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/steroid Wikipedia. "Enzyme." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzyme#Industrial_applicationsCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzyme#Industrial_applications Wiktionary. "Synthetic." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/SyntheticCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Synthetic Boundless Learning. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com//microbiology/definition/enzymes--2CC BY-SA 3.0http://www.boundless.com//microbiology/definition/enzymes--2 Wiktionary. "rennin." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/renninCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/rennin Wiktionary. "chemical reactions." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/chemical+reactionsCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/chemical+reactions Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Industrial Microbiology

26. Wiktionary. "metabolite." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/metaboliteCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/metabolite Wiktionary. "fermentation." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/fermentationCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/fermentation Wiktionary. "antibiotic." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/antibioticCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/antibiotic Wikipedia. "Production of antibiotics." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Production_of_antibiotics#Industrial_production_techniquesCC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Production_of_antibiotics#Industrial_production_techniques Wikipedia. "Production of antibiotics." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Production_of_antibiotics#Industrial_production_techniquesCC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Production_of_antibiotics#Industrial_production_techniques Wikipedia. "Production of antibiotics." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Production_of_antibiotics#Industrial_production_techniquesCC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Production_of_antibiotics#Industrial_production_techniques Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Industrial Microbiology