1. Digestive System

2. Food and Energy Energy available in food is measured by burning food calorie = amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 degree Celsius Dietary calories are referred to as C C = 1000 calories or 1 kilocalorie

3. Calories Average teen needs 2200 Calories/day for females 2800 Calories/day for males

4. Nutrients 1.Water 2.Carbohydrates 3.Fats 4.Proteins 5.Vitamins 6.Minerals

5. Water Water is most important nutrient Every cell in the human body needs water –Many body processes and chemical reactions take place in water Makes up bulk of blood, lymph and other bodily fluids Drink at least 1-2 liters of water each day (6-8 cups) –Not enough = dehydration  causes problems in circulatory, respiratory, and nervous systems

6. Caloric Nutrients Carbohydrates: Nutrients that are the main source of energy for the body Protein: Nutrients that are the main source of building blocks for the body Fats/Lipids: Used for cellular components, such as cell membranes, also used for storage of energy.

7. Fats/Lipids Saturated or Unsaturated? solids at room temp = saturated (butter and animal fat) liquids at room temp = unsaturated (vegetable oils) -Saturated fats are the “bad” fats, and unsaturated are the “good” fats

8. Proteins 8 amino acids the body cannot make are called “essential amino acids” –Must be obtained from food that you eat meat, fish, eggs and milk, legumes Trytophan, Lysine, Methionine, Valine, Leucine, Isoleucine, Threonine, and Phenylalanine

9. Vitamins Organic molecules that help regulate body processes (work with enzymes) Most vitamins obtained from food –Bacteria in digestive tract synthesize vitamin K –Skin synthesizes vitamin D when exposed to sunlight

10. Vitamins 2 types of vitamins: 1. fat-soluble A,D,E and K can be stored in fatty tissues of body -excessive amounts can be toxic 2. water-soluble C and B vitamins dissolve in water and can’t be stored

11. Minerals Inorganic nutrients that the body needs in small amounts, also called micronutrients ex: calcium  major component of bones and teeth iron  makes hemoglobin magnesium, sodium and potassium

12. Process of Digestion

13. Digestive System Includes: –Mouth –Pharynx –Esophagus –Stomach –Small intestine –Large intestine –Accessory structures: salivary glands, pancreas, liver add secretions

14. Function Function of the digestive system is to help convert large food molecules into simpler molecules (monomers) that can be absorbed and used by the cells of the body

15. Mouth Teeth –Mechanical work of digestion by cutting, tearing, and crushing –1 st step in digestion and increases surface area of food Saliva – salivary glands –Helps to moisten food and make it easier to chew –Begins chemical digestion  enzyme amylase breaks down bonds in starches and releases sugars –Also contains lysozyme  enzyme that fights infection by breaking down cell walls of many bacteria

16. Esophagus Long tube of smooth muscle that connects the pharynx with the stomach Chewed clump of food = bolus Tongue and muscles push bolus down throat Epiglottis closes over trachea to keep food out

17. Esophagus Esophagus carries food to stomach Contractions of smooth muscles (peristalsis) –Peristalsis-Squeeze food thru esophagus into stomach –Reverse peristalsis = vomiting –Cardiac sphincter (thick ring of muscle) closes and prevents stomach contents from moving back up esophagus

18. Stomach Large sac of smooth muscle Chemical digestion –Gastric glands secrete substances –Mucus lubricates and protects stomach wall –Hydrochloric acid/pepsin (breaks down proteins) Mechanical digestion (smooth muscle contractions) –Mixture called chyme –After an hour or two, pyloric valve opens and chyme begins to flow into small intestine

19. Small Intestine Enters the duodenum (first of 3 parts of small intestine) –Almost all of digestive enzymes enter the intestine –Most of chemical digestion and absorption of nutrients occurs in the small intestine –Mixes with fluids and enzymes from pancreas and liver

20. Small Intestine Pancreas: 1.Produces hormones that regulate blood sugar levels 2.Produces enzymes that break down carbs, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids 3.Produces sodium bicarbonate (base which neutralizes stomach acid) so enzymes can be effective

22. Liver Liver: –Located above and to the right of the stomach –Produces bile (fluid loaded with lipids and salts) –Bile acts as a detergent, dissolving droplets of fats from food –Bile is stored in gallbladder

24. Small Intestine Duodenum-First part of the small intestine where chemical digestion begins to take place Jejunum and ileum are remaining parts of small intestine (average about 6 meters long) Villi are fingerlike projections covering surface of small intestine –Absorption of nutrients occurs here

25. Small Intestine  Large Intestine By time it leaves small intestine, food is basically nutrient-free water, cellulose and other undigestible substances Appendix: in humans does little to promote digestion, but in other mammals it stores cellulose and other materials

26. Large Intestine Also known as the colon Primary function is to remove water from the undigested material Water is quickly absorbed across the wall of the large intestine Concentrated waste material that remains passes through the rectum and is eliminated from the body

28. Digestive System Disorders Peptic ulcer  powerful acids in stomach damage stomach wall –Doctors thought that ulcers were caused by too much acid, but scientists have discovered bacteria Helicobacter pylori is cause (now cure rates are as high as 90%)

30. Digestive System Disorders Diarrhea  not enough water is absorbed Constipation  too much water is absorbed –Eat plenty of fiber and drink plenty of water!

31. Excretory System Function Function of the excretory system is to maintain homeostasis in the body by eliminating metabolic (cellular) wastes

32. Organs of Excretion skin  excretes water and salts, small amount of urea (sweat) lungs  excretes carbon dioxide liver  converts nitrogenous wastes from digestion into urea kidneys  excretes urea and other metabolic wastes

33. Kidneys The kidneys are bean-shaped organs, each about the size of a fist. They are located near the middle of the back, just below the rib cage, one on each side of the spine. Kidneys play important role in maintaining homeostasis -remove waste products from the blood -maintain blood pH -regulate the water content of the blood (regulating blood volume)

35. How Do the Kidneys Work? Remove excess water from the blood Remove urea from the blood –Urea is a form of ammonia, which is produced by your cells during cellular metabolism

36. Kidney Structure Each kidney is made of many smaller units called nephrons Nephron –Each nephron has its own blood supply (arteriole, venule, and capillaries) –Each nephron releases fluids to collecting duct which leads to ureter

37. Parts of the Excretory System ureter- tube that carries urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder urethra- tube that carries urine from the bladder and releases it from the body urinary bladder- saclike organ which stores urine before it is excreted

38. Urine Formation In each nephron, urea and water are filtered out of the blood, and some water is reabsorbed. The remaining material is conducted to the urinary bladder through the ureters, where it becomes urine.

39. Disorders of the Excretory System Kidney failure- Can be caused by a number of things; treatment is dialysis –Dialysis is when the urine collection is done by a machine, rather than by a kidney Kidney Stones- made of solidified calcium, magnesium or salts –cause is unknown, but drinking too few liquids could be a cause. –Can back up the urine flow in the kidney –VERY painful