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2. Using Boundless Presentations The Appendix The appendix is for you to use to add depth and breadth to your lectures. You can simply drag and drop slides from the appendix into the main presentation to make for a richer lecture experience. Free to edit, share, and copy Feel free to edit, share, and make as many copies of the Boundless presentations as you like. We encourage you to take these presentations and make them your own. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Boundless Teaching Platform Boundless empowers educators to engage their students with affordable, customizable textbooks and intuitive teaching tools. The free Boundless Teaching Platform gives educators the ability to customize textbooks in more than 20 subjects that align to hundreds of popular titles. Get started by using high quality Boundless books, or make switching to our platform easier by building from Boundless content pre-organized to match the assigned textbook. This platform gives educators the tools they need to assign readings and assessments, monitor student activity, and lead their classes with pre-made teaching resources. Get started now at: If you have any questions or problems please email: educators@boundless.com http://boundless.com/teaching-platform

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4. Standard Free Energy Changes Free Energy Changes in Chemical Reactions Free Energy Changes for Nonstandard States Pressure and Free Energy Free Energy and Work Gibbs Free Energy Thermodynamics > Gibbs Free Energy Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.www/boundless.com/chemistry?campaign_content=book_187_section_125&campaign_term=Chemistry&utm_campaign=powerpoint&utm_ medium=direct&utm_source=boundless

5. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Appendix

6. Key terms chemical potential In thermodynamics, chemical potential, also known as partial molar free energy, is a form of potential energy that can be absorbed or released during a chemical reaction. enthalpy In thermodynamics, a measure of the heat content of a chemical or physical system. entropy A thermodynamic property that is the measure of a system's thermal energy per unit temperature that is unavailable for doing useful work. equilibrium The state of a reaction in which the rates of the forward and reverse reactions are the same. free energy The difference between the internal energy of a system and the product of its entropy and absolute temperature. free energy of formation The change of free energy that accompanies the formation of 1 mole of a substance in its standard state from its constituent elements in their standard states. spontaneous change A spontaneous process is the time-evolution of a system in which it releases free energy (usually as heat) and moves to a lower, more thermodynamically stable energy state. work In thermodynamics, work performed by a closed system is the energy transferred to another system that is measured by the external generalized mechanical constraints on the system. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Thermodynamics

7. Free Energy and Chemical Reactions An important consequence of the one-way downward path of the free energy is that once it reaches its minimum possible value, net change comes to a halt. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Steve Lower. "Gibbs Free Energy." CC BY-SA http://www.chem1.com/acad/webtext/thermeq/TE4.html#2C View on Boundless.comCC BY-SAhttp://www.chem1.com/acad/webtext/thermeq/TE4.html#2CView on Boundless.com Thermodynamics

8. ΔG vs. G° ΔG is plotted on a vertical axis for two hypothetical reactions having opposite signs of ΔG°. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Steve Lower. "Gibbs Free Energy." CC BY-SA http://www.chem1.com/acad/webtext/thermeq/TE4.html#SEC4 View on Boundless.comCC BY-SAhttp://www.chem1.com/acad/webtext/thermeq/TE4.html#SEC4View on Boundless.com Thermodynamics

9. Nonstandard State Free Energy Change A single reaction can have an infinite number of ΔG values. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Steve Lower. "Gibbs Free Energy." CC BY-SA http://www.chem1.com/acad/webtext/thermeq/TE4.html#SEC4 View on Boundless.comCC BY-SAhttp://www.chem1.com/acad/webtext/thermeq/TE4.html#SEC4View on Boundless.com Thermodynamics

10. Work Diagram The reversible condition implies wmax and qmin. The impossibility of extracting all of the internal energy as work is essentially a statement of the Second Law. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Steve Lower. "What is entropy?." CC BY-SA http://www.chem1.com/acad/webtext/thermeq/TE2.html#1C View on Boundless.comCC BY-SAhttp://www.chem1.com/acad/webtext/thermeq/TE2.html#1CView on Boundless.com Thermodynamics

11. Gibbs free energy equation The Gibbs free energy equation is dependent on pressure. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia. "Gibbs%20free%20energy." GNU FDL http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibbs_free_energy View on Boundless.comGNU FDLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibbs_free_energyView on Boundless.com Thermodynamics

12. Gibbs Energy of Formation The standard Gibbs free energy of formation of a compound is the change of Gibbs free energy that accompanies the formation of 1 mole of that substance from its component elements, at their standard states. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia. "Gibbs free energy." GNU FDL http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibbs_free_energy View on Boundless.comGNU FDLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibbs_free_energyView on Boundless.com Thermodynamics

13. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Thermodynamics The standard free energy of formation for a single component is defined by: A) the standard enthalpy of reaction and the standard entropy of a substance. B) the standard free energy of formation and the standard entropy of a substance. C) the standard enthalpy of formation and the standard entropy of a substance. D) the standard enthalpy of formation and the standard free energy of a substance.

14. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.comwww.boundless.com Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/CC BY-SA 3.0http://www.boundless.com/ Thermodynamics The standard free energy of formation for a single component is defined by: A) the standard enthalpy of reaction and the standard entropy of a substance. B) the standard free energy of formation and the standard entropy of a substance. C) the standard enthalpy of formation and the standard entropy of a substance. D) the standard enthalpy of formation and the standard free energy of a substance.

15. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Thermodynamics Which of the following statement regarding free energy change is true? A) If ΔG < 0 and the reaction will tend to take place spontaneously. B) If ΔG > 0 and the reaction will tend to take place spontaneously. C) If ΔG < 0 and the reaction will not tend to take place spontaneously. D) If ΔG = 0 and the reaction will tend to take place spontaneously.

16. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.comwww.boundless.com Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/CC BY-SA 3.0http://www.boundless.com/ Thermodynamics Which of the following statement regarding free energy change is true? A) If ΔG < 0 and the reaction will tend to take place spontaneously. B) If ΔG > 0 and the reaction will tend to take place spontaneously. C) If ΔG < 0 and the reaction will not tend to take place spontaneously. D) If ΔG = 0 and the reaction will tend to take place spontaneously.

17. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Thermodynamics Which refers to single chemical changes wherein all components are in their standard states? A) ΔG B) ΔGf C) ΔG° D) ΔH°

18. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.comwww.boundless.com Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/CC BY-SA 3.0http://www.boundless.com/ Thermodynamics Which refers to single chemical changes wherein all components are in their standard states? A) ΔG B) ΔGf C) ΔG° D) ΔH°

19. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Thermodynamics The relationship between Gibbs free energy and pressure can be described as: A) Gibbs free energy can be found only at constant pressure B) Gibbs free energy is the chemical potential when a system reaches equilibrium C) The calculation of Gibbs free energy is dependent on pressure D) Pressure is only relevant if temperature stays constant

20. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.comwww.boundless.com Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/CC BY-SA 3.0http://www.boundless.com/ Thermodynamics The relationship between Gibbs free energy and pressure can be described as: A) Gibbs free energy can be found only at constant pressure B) Gibbs free energy is the chemical potential when a system reaches equilibrium C) The calculation of Gibbs free energy is dependent on pressure D) Pressure is only relevant if temperature stays constant

21. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Thermodynamics The Gibbs free energy is the: A) maximum amount of work that can be extracted from a closed system. B) maximum amount of non-expansion work that can be extracted from a open system. C) maximum amount of non-expansion work that can be extracted from a closed system. D) maximum amount of expansion work that can be extracted from a open system.

22. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.comwww.boundless.com Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/CC BY-SA 3.0http://www.boundless.com/ Thermodynamics The Gibbs free energy is the: A) maximum amount of work that can be extracted from a closed system. B) maximum amount of non-expansion work that can be extracted from a open system. C) maximum amount of non-expansion work that can be extracted from a closed system. D) maximum amount of expansion work that can be extracted from a open system.

23. Attribution Steve Lower's Website. "Gibbs Free Energy." CC BY-SA http://www.chem1.com/acad/webtext/thermeq/TE4.html#SEC2CC BY-SAhttp://www.chem1.com/acad/webtext/thermeq/TE4.html#SEC2 Wikipedia. "spontaneous change." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/spontaneous%20changeCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/spontaneous%20change Wikipedia. "Standard Gibbs free energy change of formation." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Gibbs_free_energy_change_of_formationCC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Gibbs_free_energy_change_of_formation Steve Lower's Website. "Gibbs Free Energy." CC BY-SA http://www.chem1.com/acad/webtext/thermeq/TE4.html#SEC1CC BY-SAhttp://www.chem1.com/acad/webtext/thermeq/TE4.html#SEC1 Wikipedia. "Gibbs free energy." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibbs_free_energyCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibbs_free_energy Wiktionary. "free energy." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/free+energyCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/free+energy Wiktionary. "equilibrium." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/equilibriumCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/equilibrium Wikipedia. "Gibbs free energy." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibbs_free_energyCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibbs_free_energy Steve Lower's Website. "Gibbs Free Energy." CC BY-SA http://www.chem1.com/acad/webtext/thermeq/TE4.html#SEC1CC BY-SAhttp://www.chem1.com/acad/webtext/thermeq/TE4.html#SEC1 Wiktionary. "work." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/workCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/work Wikipedia. "Gibbs free energy." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibbs_free_energyCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibbs_free_energy Wikipedia. "chemical potential." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/chemical%20potentialCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/chemical%20potential Wikipedia. "Gibbs free energy." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibbs_free_energyCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibbs_free_energy Wikipedia. "entropy." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/entropyCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/entropy Wiktionary. "enthalpy." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/enthalpyCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/enthalpy Wikipedia. "Standard Gibbs free energy change of formation." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Gibbs_free_energy_change_of_formationCC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Gibbs_free_energy_change_of_formation Steve Lower's Website. "Gibbs Free Energy." CC BY-SA http://www.chem1.com/acad/webtext/thermeq/TE4.htmlCC BY-SAhttp://www.chem1.com/acad/webtext/thermeq/TE4.html Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Thermodynamics

24. Wikipedia. "free energy of formation." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/free%20energy%20of%20formationCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/free%20energy%20of%20formation Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Thermodynamics