1. Greco-Roman Society Standard: Examine the political, philosophical, and cultural interaction of Classical Mediterranean societies from 700 BCE to 400 CE. Essential Question: How did Classical Mediterranean societies interact politically, philosophical, and culturally from 700 BCE to 400 CE?

2. You are Here Greece Rome

3. Ancient Greece Element: Compare the origins and structure of the Greek polis, the Roman Republic, and the Roman Empire. Vocabulary: Greek Polis

5. Greece made up of two parts: –mainland –hundreds of small islands

6. Geography important geographic influences –mountains –seas

7. Geography mountain ranges separated the small, independent Greek communities caused them to develop different ways of life

8. Geography presence of a long seacoast with bays, inlets, and harbors encouraged sea trade

9. Geography Why Trade? did not have good land for farming rocky soil (compare to New England in America)

10. Aegean Civilizations 3000 B.C. – 1000 B.C. Mycenaeans Minoans

11. Minoan Civilization earliest known Greek culture 3000-1450 BCE competed with Phoenicians Traded goods –painted pottery they produced –Swords –Figurines –vessels of precious metals

12. Minoan Civilization Exported art and culture –unique architecture –burial customs –religious ritual –Known as great artisans with their pottery Bull Leapers developed a written language Linear A –resembled Egyptian Hieroglyphics Conquered by Mycenaeans

13. Mycenaean Civilization Fierce warriors that spread there culture through conquest around the Aegean Sea –Set up kingdoms in those areas –Also became wealthy from sea trade

14. Mycenaean civilization “Bronze Age” named for the fortified site at Mycenae flourished between 1600 and 1100 B.C. high point was 1400–1200 B.C. powerful monarchs lived in fortified palaces built on hills and surrounded by stone walls

15. Mycenaean Civilization military adventures recorded –hundreds of years later –Homer’s epic poems the Iliad and Odyssey Trojan War

16. fought between the Mycenaeans and the people of Troy myth or reallity Achilles led the Mycenaean invasion against the Trojans led by Prince Hector stalemate for 10 years

17. Trojan War ends with the Trojan Horse –Mycenaean's hide inside –Horse brought into Troy –Mycenaeans burn Troy down –Mycenaeans win

18. Mycenaean Civilization collapsed around 1100 B.C. conquered by the Dorian Civilization entered into a Dark Age

19. Dark Ages under the Dorians population declined less food economy collapsed few records remain from this period lasted from 1100 to 750 B.C.

20. Homer a blind poet began a story telling tradition at the end of the “Dark Age”

21. Homer major works of epic poems: –Iliad and Odyssey story of the kings of Troy and Mycenae, the Trojan War, and several Greek heroes

22. Iliad and Odyssey regarded as history became a way to teach Greek culture to Greek children Myth: traditional story that explains why the world is the way it is

23. Homer established the epic –Heroic story told in the form of a long poem gave the Greeks an ideal past peopled with heroes Generations of Greek males used these poems as models of heroism and honor

24. Greek Heroes Clockwise from left: Achilles, Jason, Hercules, Perseus, and Odysseus

25. Development of the Polis Element: Compare the origins and structure of the Greek polis, the Roman Republic, and the Roman Empire. Vocabulary: Greek Polis

27. City-State evolves Polis: Greek City-State included a city and the surrounding land and villages Usually located on a hill Acropolis: fortified area on top of a hill Below acropolis was agora: an open area where people could meet Acropolis of Athens

28. Theocracy Etymology Theos = god Kratos = power Meaning a religious body with political power (god is the ruler)

29. Monarchy Etymology Monos = alone Arkhein = to rule Meaning Rule of one

30. Oligarchy Etymology Oligos= few Arkhein = to rule Meaning Rule of a few

31. Democracy Etymology Demos = common people Kratos = power Meaning Power to the People (rule of many)

32. The Polis: Distinct City- States… People felt strong ties/loyalty to their city-state bitter rivalries between city-states led to continuous fighting lead to Greece’s down fall

34. Sparta Description: Military Society the largest and most sophisticated army in known world

35. Sparta Significance: Army governed life –trained in military –started at age 7 –marry at 20 but live in barracks –retire at 60 –53 years of service

36. Sparta Role of women: produce healthy children did not perform many domestic tasks were trained in athletic events to keep healthy could own property

37. Athens Description: ruled by a king seventh century B.C. ruled by an oligarchy economic problems led to farmers sold into slavery for nonpayment of their debts to aristocrats

38. Athens Description: aristocrats gave power to Solon in 594 B.C. –favored reform –canceled debts but did not give land to the poor aristocrats in power and the poor unable to obtain land

39. Athens Athens had the world’s first democracy Democracy: type of government in which all citizens take part in the day to day running of the government

40. Path to DemocracyCleisthenes Cleisthenes: Began a limited democracy in Greece Created the Council of 500 –Group of 500 male citizens who made laws

41. PERICLES Expanded democracy in Athens Athens became a direct democracy –All male citizens became members of the government –Women and slaves were excluded

42. Every male citizen had the right to attend the Assembly There they participated in the decision making process and voted on all government issues Athenians practiced ostracism* *a person could be banished from the city for 10 years with 6,000 votes from the government! Direct Democracy

43. Athenian Women Take care of home Raise the children Seldom allowed in public No formal education Could not own property

44. The Persian Wars: Overview Despite their cultural ties, the Greek city-states were often in conflict with one another. The threat of the powerful Persian empire united the Greek city-states.

45. The Persian Wars: Overview United, the city-states defeated the Persians and ended the threat of Persian invasions. Persian prisoners

46. Persian Wars: The Outcome! Results Athens increases its status among the city-states. Athens enters into a Golden Age Athens formed the Delian League: an alliance of Greek city-states with them in charge Sparta is upset!

47. The Peloponnesian War: The Alliance System Fails!

48. The Peloponnesian War: CAUSES 1.Many Greeks outside of Athens resented Athenian domination. 2.Sparta formed the Peloponnesian League to rival the Delian League. 3.Sparta and Athens rivaling for supremacy…

49. A Mysterious Plague Hits Athens! During the war a plague (disease) sweeps through Athens Plague destroys 1/3 of Athenian population Kills many Athenians including Pericles This allows Sparta to win the war!!!!!!!!!

50. The Peloponnesian War: Effects 1.All the Greek city- states divided and in chaos! 2.Defeated democracy in Greece 3.Greece would eventually would be taken over by Macedonia to the north

51. Greek Culture Element: Describe polytheism in the Greek and Roman world and the origins and diffusion of Christianity in the Roman world. Vocabulary: polytheism

52. Greek Religion Polytheistic – worship of many gods Greek stories or myths developed about their gods

53. Greek Mythology Mythology – the family of Greek gods and goddesses that ruled on Mount Olympus –Zeus - chief god –Hades - god of the underworld –Apollo - god of light (sun god) –Athena - goddess of wisdom

54. Greek Gods Left Top: Athena Above: Zeus Right Top: Hades Right Bottom: Apollo

55. Olympics First held in 776 BC Held to honor Zeus Athletes came from all over the world to compete Individual events rather than team Women were not allowed

56. Sports from the first Olympics in 776 BCE Clockwise starting on the left: Wrestling, Horse back riding, Chariot racing, Boxing, Discus, Jumping, and Running Center: Javelin

57. Key Figures Element: Identify the ideas and impact of important individuals; include Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle and describe the diffusion of Greek culture by Aristotle’s pupil Alexander the Great and the impact of Julius and Augustus Caesar. Vocabulary: Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, Alexander the Great

58. Greek Philosophers “love of wisdom” refers to an organized system of rational thought early Greek philosophers concerned with the nature of the universe three of the greatest philosophers of the Western world –Socrates –Plato –Aristotle

59. Socrates developed the Socratic Method –a question-and- answer format to lead pupils to understand things for themselves –based on the belief that knowledge is already present within each of us

60. Socrates “the unexamined life is not worth living” –the belief in the individual’s ability to reason –important contribution of Greek thought killed for “corrupting the youth”

61. Plato one of Socrates’ students considered to be the greatest Western philosopher The Republic: explained Plato’s views on government believed that people could not achieve a good life unless they lived in a just and rational state

62. Plato ideal state has three groups—rulers, warriors, and commoners –led by a philosopher-king –men and women would have the same education and equal access to all positions established a school in Athens called the Academy

63. Aristotle Plato’s most important pupil studied at the academy for 20 years wide-range of interests –ethics & logic –Politics –Poetry –astronomy, geology, biology, & physics

64. Aristotle found three forms of government: monarchy, aristocracy, and constitutional government(preferred) Lyceum

65. Macedonia North of Greece viewed by the Greeks as barbarians Philip II became king of Macedonia in 359 B.C.

66. Unification of Greece Macedonia defeated Greece at the Battle of Chaeronea in 338 B.C. Greek city-states united in a league under Macedonian control Philip was assassinated

67. Alexander the Great Philip’s son student of Aristotle became king of Macedonia at age 20 put down idea of Greek rebellion by destroying the city of Thebes began his quest to take over the Persian Empire

68. Alexander’s Conquest 334 B.C. began invasion of the Persian Empire 331 B.C. conquered all of the Persian Empire 327 B.C. moved through modern Pakistan into India 323 B.C. Alexander died after his return to Babylon at 32 years old

70. Alexander’s Legacy Created an empire that stretched across three continents and over 200,000 miles Cultural Diffusion = the rise of the Hellenistic Culture After Alexander’s death, his Empire fell apart

71. Hellenism Element: Analyze the contributions of Hellenistic and Roman culture; include law, gender, and science. Vocabulary: Hellenistic culture

72. Hellenistic Culture Description: created by Alexander blend of Greek and Persian cultures Greek language, architecture, literature, and art spread throughout Southwest Asia, Central Asia and parts of North Africa Greeks absorbed aspects of Eastern culture

73. Hellenistic Culture Impact: Four Hellenistic kingdoms emerged: Macedonia, Syria, Pergamum, and Egypt all eventually conquered by the Romans Alexandria, home to scholars of many different kinds

74. Hellenistic Culture Founding and rebuilding cities created opportunities for Greek architects and sculptors in the Hellenistic kingdoms thousands of statues were erected

75. sculptors moved away from classical ideals and created more emotional and realistic art

76. The Library of Alexandria in Egypt The ancient library possibly destroyed in A. D. 642 The rebuilt library today

77. Hellenistic Achievements Astronomy Geometry Technology Philosophy Art

78. Astronomy Astronomers used an observatory to view the stars and planets. Developed a new concept that believed the sun was larger than the earth

79. Geometry Euclid was a Greek mathematician and pioneer in geometry. Euclid’s Elements became the most important –still basis of geometry

80. Technology Archimedes was a Greek scientist, inventor, and mathematician created the pulley created the Archimedes screw that brought water from a lower level to a higher one

81. Philosophy Stoics: philosophers who said people should live a moral life to keep them in harmony with natural laws Epicureans: philosophers who said people could rely only on what they learned through their five senses

82. Art Change sculptures from the Greek style of perfect forms to a more realistic and emotional Hellenistic influence Ex. Colossus of Rhodes