1. Bones of the Lower Limb Kaan Yücel M.D., Ph.D 16.January.2014 Thursday
The Dance Hall by Vincent van Gogh ,1888
Kaan Yücel M.D., Ph.D
16.January.2014 Thursday

2. 2 functional components: Pelvic girdle & bones of the free lower limb
2 functional components:
Pelvic girdle & bones of the free lower limb
Body weight is transferred
Vertebral column
(Sacroiliac joints)
Pelvic girdle
(Hip joints)
Femurs (L. femora)
Skeleton of the lower limb (inferior appendicular skeleton)

4. longest and heaviest bone
FEMUR
longest and heaviest bone
Transmits body weight from the hip bone to the tibia.
Superior / Proximal end
Shaft (Body)
Inferior/ Distal end

5. Superior (proximal) end of the femur
Proximal end of femur
Head
Neck
2 trochanters
Greater & Lesser
intertrochanteric line
intertrochanteric crest
quadrate tubercle
fovea capitis for lig.teres

6. Superior (proximal) end of the femur Shaft of femur
Gluteal tuberosity
Linea aspera
Medial and lateral lips of linea aspera
Medial and lateral supracondylar lines
Pectineal line

7. Superior (proximal) end of the femur Distal end of femur
Adductor tubercle
Intercondylar fossa
Medial and lateral condyles
Medial and lateral epicondyles
Medial and lateral femoral condyles
Patellar surface

8. for articulation and weight transfer.
TIBIA
Located on the anteromedial side of the leg
Second largest bone in the body
Flares outward at both ends to provide an increased area
for articulation and weight transfer.

9. Anterolateral view of left tibia
Proximal end of tibia
widens to form
medial & lateral condyles (1,2)
flat superior articular surface tibial plateau (3)
articular surfaces separated by
intercondylar eminence (4)
formed by 2
intercondylar tubercles
medial and lateral (5,6)
flanked by relatively rough
anterior and posterior intercondylar areas (7,8) 1 5 4 6 2
Anterolateral view of left tibia

10. Shaft of tibia

11. medial malleolus
Interosseous membrane unites the two leg bones.
Inferiorly, the sharp border is replaced by fibular notch.
Distal end of tibia

12. PATELLA (Knee cap)
Largest sesamoid bone (a bone formed within the tendon of a muscle) in the body and is formed within the tendon of the quadriceps femoris muscle as it crosses anterior to the knee joint to insert on the tibia.
The patella is triangular:
Apex is pointed inferiorly for attachment to the patellar ligament, which connects the patella to the tibia.
Base is broad and thick for the attachment of the quadriceps femoris muscle from above.
Posterior surface articulates with the femur and has medial and lateral facets, lateral facet is larger than the medial facet for articulation with the larger corresponding surface on the lateral condyle of the femur.

13. FIBULA Slender, lies posterolateral to the tibia
No function in weight-bearing.
Serves mainly for muscle attachment

14. Proximal end & shaft of fibula
Head (& a pointed apex)
Articulates with the fibular facet on the posterolateral, inferior aspect of the lateral tibial condyle.
Neck
Like the shaft of the tibia,
3 borders
(anterior, interosseous, & posterior)
3 surfaces
(medial, posterior, and lateral)

15. Distal end of fibula
Distal end enlarges, projects laterally & inferiorly lateral malleolus
more prominent and posterior than the medial malleolus
extends approximately 1 cm more distally.

16. BONES OF FOOT
Tarsus (n=7)
Metatarsus (n=5)
Phalanges (n=14)

17. Posterior foot/Proximal foot/Hindfoot
"flat surface, especially for drying,"
Posterior foot/Proximal foot/Hindfoot
TARSUS
7 bones
Talus
Calcaneus
Cuboid
Navicular
Three cuneiforms
Only one bone, the talus, articulates with the leg bones.

21. TALUS (L., ankle bone) Head Neck Body
Superior surface trochlea of the talus is gripped by the two malleoli and receives the weight of the body from the tibia.

22. Hammock (Spring ligament;Calcenonavicular ligament)
Talus transmits weight in turn, dividing it between the calcaneus, on which the body of talus rests, and the forefoot, via an osseoligamentous “hammock”
Hammock (Spring ligament;Calcenonavicular ligament)
Across a gap between sustentaculum tali and navicular bone, lies anteriorly.

23. Calcaneus (L., heel bone) Largest and strongest bone in the foot
Lateral surface of the calcaneus has fibular trochlea
Sustentaculum tali shelf-like support of the head of the talus

25. Most lateral bone in the distal row of the tarsus
Navicular
(L., little ship)
Flattened, boat-shaped bone
Between head of the talus posteriorly & 3 cuneiforms anteriorly
Medial surface projects inferiorly to form, navicular tuberosity
Most lateral bone in the distal row of the tarsus
Cuboid

26. (L. cuneus, wedge shaped)
Three cuneiform bones
(L. cuneus, wedge shaped)
Medial (1st)
Intermediate (2nd)
Lateral (3rd)
Each cuneiform articulates with navicular posteriorly & base of its appropriate metatarsal anteriorly.
Lateral cuneiform also articulates with the cuboid.

27. (Anterior foot/distal foot)
METATARSUS
(Anterior foot/distal foot)
5 metatarsals numbered from the medial side of the foot
Metatarsals and phalanges located in anterior half (forefoot)
Tarsals in the posterior half (hindfoot)
14 phalanges
1st digit (great toe)
2 phalanges
(proximal and distal)
Other four digits
3 phalanges
(proximal, middle, and distal)