1. Appendicular Skeleton
-Pelvic Girdle
-Thigh (Leg)
-(Lower) Leg
-Foot
-The lower appendages are attached to the axial skeleton via the pelvic girdle

2. Bones of the Pelvic Girdle
-Pelvic girdle  2 coxal bones + sacrum
Coxal bones are three pairs of fused bones
-Ilium
-Ischium
-Pubis
-Bony pelvis  2 coxal bones + sacrum + coccyx
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3. Function of the Pelvic Girdle
-protects several organs:
-Reproductive organs
-Urinary bladder
-Part of the large intestine
-Bears weight of the upper body
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4. Figure 5.26a The bony pelvis.
Articulates with axial skeleton at the sacrum = sacroiliac joint
Iliac crest
Sacroiliac joint
Ilium
Coxal bone
Sacrum
(or hip bone)
Pelvic brim
Pubis
Coccyx
Ischial spine
Acetabulum
Ischium
Pubic symphysis
(a)
Pubic arch

5. Figure 5.26b The bony pelvis.
Ilium
Ala
Iliac crest
Posterior superior iliac spine
Anterior superior iliac spine
Posterior inferior iliac spine
Anterior inferior iliac spine
Greater sciatic notch
Acetabulum
Ischial body
Body of pubis
Ischial spine
Pubis
Ischial tuberosity
Inferior pubic ramus
Ischium
Obturator foramen
(b)
Ischial ramus

6. Gender Differences of the Pelvis
-The female’s pelvis:
More shallow
the bones are lighter and thinner
Ilia flare more laterally
Sacrum is shorter, less curved
Ischial spines are shorter and farther apart
Pubic arch is more rounded because the angle of the pubic arch is greater
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7. Figure 5.26c The bony pelvis.
Male Pelvis
Pubic arch (less than 90 )
Female Pelvis
Pubic arch (more than 90 )
(c)

8. Bones of the Lower Appendages
Femur—thigh bone
-heaviest, strongest bone in the body
-head articulates with acetabulum of the (hip) bone
This creates a ball-and-socket joint
-distally, the lateral and medial condyles articulate with the tibia in the lower leg
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9. Figure 5.27a Bones of the right thigh and leg.
Neck
Head
Inter- trochanteric line
Lesser trochanter
Lateral condyle
Patellar surface
(a)

10. Figure 5.27b Bones of the right thigh and leg.
Greater trochanter
Head
Inter- trochanteric crest
Lesser trochanter
Gluteal tuberosity
Intercondylar fossa
Medial condyle
Lateral condyle
(b)

11. Bones of the Lower Limbs
Tibia—shinbone; larger and medially oriented
Medial and lateral condyles articulate proximally with the femur to form the knee joint
Fibula—thin and sticklike; lateral to the tibia
Not part of the knee joint
(Patella- a sesamoid (short) bone that lies anteriorly in the knee joint; called kneecap)
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12. Figure 5.27c Bones of the right thigh and leg.
Intercondylar eminence
Lateral condyle
Medial condyle
Head
Tibial tuberosity
Proximal tibiofibular joint
Interosseous membrane
Anterior border
Fibula
Tibia
Distal tibiofibular joint
Medial malleolus
Lateral malleolus
(c)

13. Bones of the Foot Tarsals—Two largest tarsals
Calcaneus (heel bone)
Talus
Metatarsals—form the sole of the foot
Phalanges—form the toes
Big toe is the hallux
All have 3 bones; hallux has 2
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14. Figure 5.28 Bones of the right foot, superior view.
Phalanges:
Distal
Middle
Proximal
Tarsals:
Medial cuneiform
Metatarsals
Tarsals:
Intermediate cuneiform
Lateral cuneiform
Navicular
Cuboid
Talus
Calcaneus

15. Arches of the Foot Bones of the foot form three strong arches
-Two longitudinal
Medial and laterally located
-One transverse
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16. Figure 5.29 Arches of the foot.
Medial longitudinal arch
Transverse arch
Lateral longitudinal arch