2. Day 39 Foundations– The Sniper and Adjectives/Adverbs

3. Objectives 1.Identify and Understand how adjectives and adverbs enhance a sentence. 2.2. Identify theme and Analyze the effects of narrative techniques, including foreshadowing, irony, and suspense. Homework: LOTF essay was due today- if you did not submit yet see me Study Literary terms Midterm review list posted on Wiki

4. Warm Up Instructions: Write the sentences and circle all of the adjectives. 1. The heavy, red dress of Queen Elizabeth weighed over fifty pounds. 2. My sister chose two shirts for my graduation present. 3. That small Mexican restaurant in the next block serves fresh meals. 4. The little black dog barked at the well-dressed stranger.

5. GRAMMAR TIME! Take notes- Everything is important!

7. An adjective describes a noun or a pronoun. An adjective answers: What kind? Which one? How many? Example: happy dog tired boy seven girls

8. To find an adjective you need to locate the nouns first. Three happy children played at the park. The donkey stepped on my large hat. The child was brave.

9. Articles are the adjectives a, an, and the. A and an are indefinite articles. The is the definite article. Possessive pronouns, such as my and our, can be considered adjectives because they modify nouns. Similarly, possessive forms of nouns, such as Roger’s and the captain’s, can also be considered adjectives. A proper adjective is formed from a proper noun and begins with a capital letter. Cervantes was a Spanish writer. The Korean restaurant is very popular.

10. Can you find the adjectives? We saw the gray elephant at the zoo. First find the nouns… Then ask, “What words describe the nouns?” WHAT KIND? WHICH ONE? HOW MANY?

11. Can you find the adjectives? The rabbit followed the slow turtle. First find the nouns… Then ask, “What words describe the nouns?” WHAT KIND? WHICH ONE? HOW MANY?

12. AN ADVERB: Modifies an active verb or a verb phrase by expressing manner, place, time, degree, or number. Modifies a verb, adjective or another adverb

13. TYPES OF ADVERBS: Simple Interrogative Negative

14. EXAMPLES: SIMPLE: –She moved quietly. (Manner and tell how) –I waited there for an hour. (Place and tell where) –You may leave soon. (Time, tells when) –I called you once. (Number, tells how many) –He sat very still. (Degree, tells how much)

15. Interrogative Adverb Introduces a sentence that asks a question where, when, why and how

16. EXAMPLES: Interrogative: –When will you return? –How is the trunk being sent?

17. Negative Adverb Denies or contradicts a statement no, not, never, only, scarcely and hardly Note: two negative adverbs should not be used together.

18. EXAMPLES: Negative - I can scarcely believe my eyes. ( correct) - I haven’t no more sea shells. (incorrect)

19. Familiar Adverbs to Know almostfinallyseldomunusually certainly hardly quite so usually just rather very rather fairly nearly too scarcely well

20. 1. The weight lifter grunted and groaned trying to lift the heavy barbell. 2. The hungry boy ate a juicy hamburger and a tossed salad. 3. My little brother loves Chinese food. 4. Where did you get that beautiful coat? 5. The designers changed the basic design of the popular model. 6. A good hiking boot needs a sturdy sole. 7. We watched the little silvery fish jump completely out of the water.

21. 1. I’ve seen Alison at the nursing home very often. 2. Ben easily made the cross-country team. 3. Our class had a really fantastic time on the field trip to the science museum. 4. Two hundred people had already ordered tickets. 5. Sometimes nice guys do finish first. 6. Shannon had a very difficult time after the accident. 7. Late in the afternoon storm clouds gathered overhead.

22. Open your text book to page 437

23. “The Sniper” By Liam O’Flaherty

24. Then, when the smoke cleared, he peered across and uttered a cry of joy. His enemy had been hit. He was reeling over the parapet in his death agony. He struggled to keep his feet, but he was slowly falling forward, as if in a dream. The rifle fell from his grasp, hit the parapet, fell over, bounded off the pole of a barber’s shop beneath and then clattered on to the pavement. Then the dying man on the roof crumpled up and fell forward. The body turned over and over in space and hit the ground with a dull thud. Then it lay still. The sniper looked at his enemy falling and he shuddered. The lust of battle died in him. He became bitten by remorse. The sweat stood out in beads on his forehead. Weakened by his wound and the long summer day of fasting and watching on the roof, he revolted from the sight of the shattered mass of his dead enemy. His teeth chattered. He began to gibber to himself, cursing the war, cursing himself, cursing everybody. He looked at the smoking revolver in his hand and with an oath he hurled it to the roof at his feet. The revolver went off with the concussion, and the bullet whizzed past the sniper’s head. He was frightened back to his senses by the shock. His nerves steadied. The cloud of fear scattered from his mind and he laughed.

25. Taking the whiskey flask from his pocket, he emptied it at a draught. He felt reckless under the influence of the spirits. He decided to leave the roof and look for his company commander to report. Everywhere around was quiet. There was not much danger in going through the streets. He picked up his revolver and put it in his pocket. Then he crawled down through the sky-light to the house underneath. When the sniper reached the laneway on the street level, he felt a sudden curiosity as to the identity of the enemy sniper whom he had killed. He decided that he was a good shot whoever he was. He wondered if he knew him. Perhaps he had been in his own company before the split in the army. He decided to risk going over to have a look at him. He peered around the corner into O’Connell Street. In the upper part of the street there was heavy firing, but around here all was quiet. The sniper darted across the street. A machine gun tore up the ground around him with a hail of bullets, but he escaped. He threw himself face downwards beside the corpse. The machine gun stopped. Then the sniper turned over the dead body and looked into his brother’s face

26. Explain how the theme of “The Sniper” is revealed through the conflicts, characters, and setting.

27. Each person needs a worksheet Work with your group to discuss the story and answer each question

28. POST-READING NOTES Literary Elements

29. Conflict Conflict: struggle between opposing forces. Man vs. Man: the struggle exists between the Republican sniper and the Free Stater sniper.

30. Point of View Point of View: the perspective, or outlook, from which a writer tells a story. Third person limited: restricted to one character (the Republican sniper) and observes only what he sees, hears, feels, or does. Other types: First person: the narrator tells the story from his own point of view, saying “I did this” or “I did that.” Second person: the book itself addresses the reader, as if the reader is an active character in the book. For example, “You are walking down the street.” Third person omniscient: narrator can see everything and everywhere, even relating the thoughts of all of the characters.

31. Similes and Metaphors Simile: a comparison of two unlike things that uses the word “like” or “as” “Machine guns and rifles broke the silence of the night, spasmodically, like dogs barking on lone farms.” Metaphor: a comparison of two unlike things without using the words “like” or “as” “Around the beleaguered Four Courts the heavy guns roared.” “The sniper could hear the dull panting of the motor... His bullets would never pierce the steel that covered the gray monster.” Personification: attributing human characteristics to something nonhuman.

32. Mood Mood: the atmosphere of a literary work intended to evoke a certain emotion or feeling from the reader. The mood of “The Sniper” is nervous and suspenseful. O’Flaherty keeps you reading to find out what comes next. The reader feels the suspense and becomes nervous when the Republican sniper is shot and he has to make a plan so that he can both live and kill the Free Stater sniper on the opposite rooftop.

33. Irony Irony: a contrast in expectations and reality. The irony of “The Sniper” is situational. Situational irony: an event occurs that contradicts the expectations of the reader. Neither the reader nor the Republican sniper expects the two snipers to be brothers fighting against each other.

34. Theme One of the possible themes of “The Sniper” is that war has no boundaries.

35. Closure What hints does the title give you about the author’s possible message? What does the story tell you about people, values, or society? What is the main message, or theme, in this story?