1. Chemistry SOL Review—Nomenclature, Formulas and Reactions Non-metals above the staircase Metals below the staircase

2. Chemistry SOL Review—Nomenclature, Formulas and Reactions Non-metals above the staircase Metals below the staircase The yellow shaded metals can take on multiple charges/oxidation states (except Zn, Ag, and Cd).

3. Chemistry SOL Review—Nomenclature, Formulas and Reactions

4. Types of Compounds (Ionic vs. Molecular) Ionic compounds form from metals and non-metals (across the tracks) and transfer electrons between elements. You figure out the formula for an ionic compound by criss-crossing charges to subscripts and reducing subscripts if possible. Ca 2+ and F 1- form ___________ Li 1+ and PO 4 3- form____________ Pb 4+ and S 2- form ________ Mn 2+ and ClO 3 -1 form _________

5. Chemistry SOL Review—Nomenclature, Formulas and Reactions Types of Compounds (Ionic vs. Molecular) Ca 2+ and F 1- form CaF 2 Li 1+ and PO 4 3- form Li 3 PO 4 Pb 4+ and S 2- form Pb 2 S 4 which reduces to PbS 2 Mn 2+ and ClO 3 -1 form Mn(ClO 3 ) 2 Ionic compounds form from metals and non-metals (across the tracks) and transfer electrons between elements. You figure out the formula for an ionic compound by criss-crossing charges to subscripts and reducing subscripts if possible.

6. Chemistry SOL Review—Nomenclature, Formulas and Reactions Naming Ionic Compounds ► Write the name of the cation. ► If the anion is an element, change its ending to -ide; if the anion is a polyatomic ion, simply write the name of the polyatomic ion. ► If the cation can have more than one possible charge, write the charge as a Roman numeral in parentheses. Chemistry SOL Review—Nomenclature, Formulas and Reactions Name the following compounds CaF 2 _________________________ Li 3 PO 4 __________________________ PbS 2 _____________________________ Mn(ClO 3 ) 2 ______________________________

7. Chemistry SOL Review—Nomenclature, Formulas and Reactions Naming Ionic Compounds ► Write the name of the cation. ► If the anion is an element, change its ending to -ide; if the anion is a polyatomic ion, simply write the name of the polyatomic ion. ► If the cation can have more than one possible charge, write the charge as a Roman numeral in parentheses. Chemistry SOL Review—Nomenclature, Formulas and Reactions Name the following compounds CaF 2 Calcium fluoride Li 3 PO 4 Lithium phosphate PbS 2 Lead (IV) sufide Mn(ClO 3 ) 2 Manganese (II) chlorate

8. Chemistry SOL Review—Nomenclature, Formulas and Reactions ► The correct formula for copper (I) bromide is — ACuBr BCuBr2 CCu2Br DCu2Br3 ► Elements from which two groups in the periodic table would most likely combine with each other to form an ionic compound? A1 and 2 B16 and 17 C1 and 17 D17 and 18 ► Which is the correct formula for iron (III) sulfate? AFe3(SO4)2 BFeSO4 CFe2(SO4)3 DFe2(SO3)3

9. Chemistry SOL Review—Nomenclature, Formulas and Reactions ► The type of bond found in magnesium chloride is — Acovalent Bnonpolar Cionic Dmetallic ► When naming a transition metal that has more than one oxidation number, the numeric value of the oxidation number is indicated by a — A Roman numeral _ B Greek prefix C subscript D suffix ► The formula H2SO4 is representative of which of the following? AA catalyst BA base CAn acid DAn organic compound

10. Chemistry SOL Review—Nomenclature, Formulas and Reactions Molecular Compounds Molecular compounds are composed of two non-metals (above the staircase) Indicate # of each atom using prefixes (mono, di, tri, tetra, penta, hexa, hepta, octa, nona, deca) The first element does not use mono if there’s only one. Examples: OF 2 is named oxygen diflouride N 2 O is named dinitrogen monoxide You try: NO 2 ___________________________ P 2 O 4 ____________________________ Chemistry SOL Review—Nomenclature, Formulas and Reactions

11. Molecular Compounds Molecular compounds are composed of two non-metals (above the staircase) Indicate # of each atom using prefixes (mono, di, tri, tetra, penta, hexa, hepta, octa, nona, deca) The first element does not use mono if there’s only one. Examples: OF 2 is named oxygen diflouride N 2 O is named dinitrogen monoxide You try: NO 2 nitrogen dioxide P 2 O 4 diphosphorus tetroxide Chemistry SOL Review—Nomenclature, Formulas and Reactions

12. ► The correct name for P2O5 is — Aphosphorus (V) pentoxide Bphosphorus oxide Cphosphorus (II) oxide Ddiphosphorus pentoxide ► Which compound contains both ionic and covalent bonds? ANH4Cl BMgBr2 CCH4 DNH3 ► Which of the following is the name of the molecule PCl3? A Phosphorus trichloride _ B Phosphorus chloride C Potassium trichloride D Potassium chloride

13. Chemistry SOL Review—Nomenclature, Formulas and Reactions ► The formula for dinitrogen tetroxide is — A N2O4 B N3O3 C N2O2 D NO ► What is the correct Lewis dot structure for arsenic? ABCD

14. Chemistry SOL Review—Nomenclature, Formulas and Reactions Molecular and Empirical Formulas Molecular Formulas provide the true number of atoms in a compound (often a multiple of the Empirical formula) Empirical formulas give the ratio of the elements found in a compound Structural formulas show how the atoms are connected. Molecular Formula C6H6C6H6C6H6C6H6 C2H6C2H6C2H6C2H6 C2H2O4C2H2O4C2H2O4C2H2O4 Empirical Formula CH CH 3 CHO 2

15. Chemistry SOL Review—Nomenclature, Formulas and Reactions

16. Example The compound ethylene glycol is often used as an antifreeze. It contains 38.7% carbon, 9.75% hydrogen, and the rest oxygen. The molecular weight of ethylene glycol is 62.07 g. What is the molecular formula of ethylene glycol? Solution 1. Calculate the empirical formula. Assume 100 g of the compound, which will contain 38.70 g carbon, 9.75 g hydrogen and the rest oxygen ? g O = 100 g - 38.70 g C - 9.75 g H = 51.55 g O. 2. Calculate the moles of each element present: 3. Next calculate the ratio of molecular weight to empircal formula weight. The molecular weight is given. The empirical formula is CH3O, so the empirical formula weight is 12.01 + 3(1.008) + 16.00 = 31.03. Therefore the molecular formula is twice the empirical formula: C 2 H 6 O 2.

17. Chemistry SOL Review—Nomenclature, Formulas and Reactions ► The diagram shows the structural formula of benzene. The empirical and the molecular formulas of benzene are, respectively — A CH, C2H2 B CH, C3H3 C C3H3, C6H6 D CH, C6H6 ► The empirical formula for a substance is CH2. If the molecular mass of the substance is 56, the molecular formula is — A C2H4 B C3H6 C C4H8 D C5H10 ► The empirical formula for C6H12 is — AC3H6 BC2H4 CCH3 DCH2

18. Chemistry SOL Review—Nomenclature, Formulas and Reactions Types of Reactions AX + B → BX + Y single replacement AX + BY → AY + BX double replacement AB → A + B decomposition A + B → AB combination or synthesis C x H y + O 2 → CO 2 + H 2 O combustion You identify each type H 2 SO 4 + PbCl 2 → HCl + PbSO 4 Li + Cu(OH) 2 → LiOH + Cu CH 4 + O 2 → CO 2 + H 2 O NH 3 → N 2 + H 2 H 2 O + O 2 → H 2 O 2 Chemistry SOL Review—Nomenclature, Formulas and Reactions

19. Types of Reactions AX + B → BX + Y single replacement AX + BY → AY + BX double replacement AB → A + B decomposition A + B → AB combination or synthesis C x H y + O 2 → CO 2 + H 2 O combustion You identify each type H 2 SO 4 + PbCl 2 → HCl + PbSO 4 Double Replacement Li + Cu(OH) 2 → LiOH + Cu Single Replacement CH 4 + O 2 → CO 2 + H 2 OCombustion NH 3 → N 2 + H 2 Decomposition H 2 O + O 2 → H 2 O 2 Synthesis or combination Chemistry SOL Review—Nomenclature, Formulas and Reactions http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QSZ-3wScePM http://jchemed.chem.wisc.edu/JCESoft/CCA/pirelli/pages/cca1NaIHgCl2.html

20. Chemistry SOL Review—Nomenclature, Formulas and Reactions Balancing Equations Chemical Reactions should have the same number of atoms on each side to follow the Law of Conservation of Mass. Use coefficients (numbers in front) to balance the equations. ___Al + ___FeCl 2 → ___AlCl 3 +___Fe Al1Al1 Fe2Fe1 Cl2Cl3 Count the number of atoms on each side and track the changes as you make them. Chemistry SOL Review—Nomenclature, Formulas and Reactions

21. Balancing Equations Chemical Reactions should have the same number of atoms on each side to follow the Law of Conservation of Mass. Use coefficients (numbers in front) to balance the equations. 2Al + 3FeCl 2 → 2AlCl 3 +3Fe Al 1 → 2 Al Fe 1 → 3 Fe Cl 2 → 6 Cl 3 → 6 Count the number of atoms on each side and track the changes as you make them.

22. Chemistry SOL Review—Nomenclature, Formulas and Reactions

23. ► Which of the following best represents the reaction between hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide? A2HCl + 2NaOH → Na(OH)2 + H2Cl2 BHCl2 + 2Na(OH)2 → 2H2O +2NaCl + OH CHCl + NaOH → H2O + NaCl D2HCl + Na(OH)2 → 2H2 + NaCl + O2 ► Which of these reactions shows simple chemical decomposition? ABCD ► Which of the following is the balanced chemical equation for the reaction shown? A Al + H2SO4  Al2(SO4)3 + H2 B 2Al + 3H2SO4  Al2(SO4)3 + 3H2 _ C 2Al + 3H2SO4  Al2(SO4)3 + H2 D 2Al + H2SO4  Al2(SO4)3 + H2 Aluminum +Sulfuric Acid  Aluminum Sulfate + Hydrogen Gas

24. Chemistry SOL Review—Nomenclature, Formulas and Reactions ► The type of reaction represented by the equation is — Asingle-replacement Bdouble-replacement Csynthesis Ddecomposition ► A(s) + B(s)  D(g) + heat The reaction shown above is — Aan endothermic reaction Ban exothermic reaction Ca decomposition reaction Da double-replacement reaction ► What type of reaction does this illustration represent? ADecomposition BSynthesis CSingle-replacement DDouble-replacement

25. Chemistry SOL Review—Nomenclature, Formulas and Reactions ► A balanced chemical equation has equal numbers of atoms of each type on both sides of the equation. This illustrates the principle of — Aconservation of energy Bconservation of mass Caction and reaction Dnatural selection

26. Chemistry SOL Review—Nomenclature, Formulas and Reactions Drawing Lewis Structures and Predicting Geometric Shapes Step 1: Count the number of valence electrons in the compound PO 3 3- = 5 + 3(6) + 3 = 26 valence e-

27. Chemistry SOL Review—Nomenclature, Formulas and Reactions Drawing Lewis Structures and Predicting Geometric Shapes Step 1: Count the number of valence electrons in the compound Step 2: Connect the atoms around the central atom by single bonds PO 3 3- = 5 + 3(6) + 3 = 26 valence e-

28. Chemistry SOL Review—Nomenclature, Formulas and Reactions Drawing Lewis Structures and Predicting Geometric Shapes Step 1: Count the number of valence electrons in the compound Step 2: Connect the atoms around the central atom by single bonds Step 3: Place remaining electrons on the outside atoms to fulfill octet rule PO 3 3- = 5 + 3(6) + 3 = 26 valence e-

29. Chemistry SOL Review—Nomenclature, Formulas and Reactions Drawing Lewis Structures and Predicting Geometric Shapes Step 1: Count the number of valence electrons in the compound Step 2: Connect the atoms around the central atom by single bonds Step 3: Place remaining electrons on the outside atoms to fulfill octet rule Step 4: Place any remaining electrons on the central atom. PO 3 3- = 5 + 3(6) + 3 = 26 valence e-

30. Chemistry SOL Review—Nomenclature, Formulas and Reactions Drawing Lewis Structures and Predicting Geometric Shapes Step 1: Count the number of valence electrons in the compound Step 2: Connect the atoms around the central atom by single bonds Step 3: Place remaining electrons on the outside atoms to fulfill octet rule Step 4: Place any remaining electrons on the central atom. Step 5: If the central atom does not have an octet, share pairs of electrons as bonds from outside atoms. PO 3 3- = 5 + 3(6) + 3 = 26 valence e- Step 5 unnecessary

31. Chemistry SOL Review—Nomenclature, Formulas and Reactions Drawing Lewis Structures and Predicting Geometric Shapes Step 1: Count the number of valence electrons in the compound CO 2 = 4 + 2(6) + 16 valence e-

32. Chemistry SOL Review—Nomenclature, Formulas and Reactions Drawing Lewis Structures and Predicting Geometric Shapes Step 1: Count the number of valence electrons in the compound Step 2: Connect the atoms around the central atom by single bonds CO 2 = 4 + 2(6) + 16 valence e-

33. Chemistry SOL Review—Nomenclature, Formulas and Reactions Drawing Lewis Structures and Predicting Geometric Shapes Step 1: Count the number of valence electrons in the compound Step 2: Connect the atoms around the central atom by single bonds Step 3: Place remaining electrons on the outside atoms to fulfill octet rule CO 2 = 4 + 2(6) + 16 valence e-

34. Chemistry SOL Review—Nomenclature, Formulas and Reactions Drawing Lewis Structures and Predicting Geometric Shapes Step 1: Count the number of valence electrons in the compound Step 2: Connect the atoms around the central atom by single bonds Step 3: Place remaining electrons on the outside atoms to fulfill octet rule Step 4: Place any remaining electrons on the central atom. CO 2 = 4 + 2(6) + 16 valence e-

35. Chemistry SOL Review—Nomenclature, Formulas and Reactions Drawing Lewis Structures and Predicting Geometric Shapes Step 1: Count the number of valence electrons in the compound Step 2: Connect the atoms around the central atom by single bonds Step 3: Place remaining electrons on the outside atoms to fulfill octet rule Step 4: Place any remaining electrons on the central atom. Step 5: If the central atom does not have an octet, share pairs of electrons as bonds from outside atoms. CO 2 = 4 + 2(6) + 16 valence e-

36. Chemistry SOL Review—Nomenclature, Formulas and Reactions ► The correct structural formula for C2H4 is —

37. Chemistry SOL Review—Nomenclature, Formulas and Reactions ► If the above diagram were the correct representation for the Lewis structure of a molecule, then the X would be representative of the element — Aoxygen Bfluorine Cnitrogen Dsulfur ► The figure shows a compound containing hydrogen (H) and an unknown element Z. To which group on the periodic table does element Z belong? A 13 B 14 C 15 D 16 ► The type of formula that shows the arrangements of atoms and bonds is called — Aempirical Bchemical Cmolecular Dstructural

38. Chemistry SOL Review—Nomenclature, Formulas and Reactions Drawing Lewis Structures and Predicting Geometric Shapes VSEPR THEORY Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion Molecules adopt the shape that minimizes electron pair repulsions. The electron pairs/groups around the central atom get as far apart as possible. CO 2 SO 3 CH 4

39. Chemistry SOL Review—Nomenclature, Formulas and Reactions Drawing Lewis Structures and Predicting Geometric Shapes Geometries for Four Electron Pairs Around a Central Atom

40. Chemistry SOL Review—Nomenclature, Formulas and Reactions ► Which of the following is the correct molecular shape of CH4? ABent BLinear CPyramidal DTetrahedral ► What shape does the molecule BF3 have? A Bent B Linear C Tetrahedral D Trigonal planar

41. Chemistry SOL Review—Nomenclature, Formulas and Reactions Reaction Rates and Kinetics Ways to speed up reactions: 1.Decrease particle size (grind the sample) 2.Increase heat 3.Add catalyst 4.Increase concentration of reagents http://jchemed.chem.wisc.edu/JCESoft/CCA/pirelli/pages/cca3heart.html

42. Chemistry SOL Review—Nomenclature, Formulas and Reactions ► The diagram is a potential energy curve for a reaction. Which number represents the effect of a catalyst on the reaction? A1 B2 C3 D4 ► Each beaker shown contains 2.2 grams of iron and 1 liter of 3M H2SO4 at STP. Which reaction will go to completion first and why? ABeaker A because of increased surface area BBeaker B because of increased surface area CBeaker A because of a higher concentration level DBeaker B because of a higher concentration level ► A catalyst is a substance used in chemical reactions to — Aprovide a higher activation energy pathway Bdecrease collisions between reactant molecules Cincrease the rate of the reaction Dchange the equilibrium to favor products

43. Chemistry SOL Review—Nomenclature, Formulas and Reactions ► This diagram of a chemical reaction shows that the reaction is — Aendothermic Bexothermic Creversible D at equilibrium ► If the temperature of a reaction is increased, the reaction proceeds at a much quicker rate because the — Aactivation energy increases Benergy of the products increases Cfrequency of collisions between reactants increases Denergy of the activated complex Increases ► In the above reaction, a cloudiness at completion due to colloidal suspension of sulfur appears. If the reaction is carried out at various temperatures, at which temperature would it proceed at the fastest rate? A20º C B30º C C40º C D50º C