1. 1750-1900 MODERN ERA PERIOD 5 MODERN ERA

3. 1750-1900 IMPERIALISM CONCEPT 2 IMPERIALISM

4. IMPERIALISM

5. BRITISH EMPIRE & FRENCH EMPIRE

6. British Empire French Empire

8. British Empire ~1900

11. States with existing colonies strengthened their control over those colonies  British imperialism in India  Between 1750-1870, nearly all of India came under British control  British East India Company  British East India Company (BEIC)  Established in 1600, took Dutch colonies, fought off French, and fought off Indians too  Then the company dissolved in 1795…  Last Mughal emperor falls in 1858, leaving the subcontinent in the hands of the British Company Men  “Company Men”  Ambitious, young company men used hard bargaining and physical force(when necessary) to persuade Indian rulers to allow them to establish trading posts at strategic points along the coast  Nawabs  Nawabs – Muslim princes who ruled over their own powerful states within Mughal Empire BRITISH EMPIRE

12. British Imperialism in India  British Raj  British Raj (1858-1947)  Period of British control/rule over India  Remaking of India through British model of administration, social reform, economic development, and technology  At same time, endorsement of Indian leaders with their own traditions made collecting taxes easier  As a result?  Privatized the lands from communal holdings  made collecting taxes easier BRITISH EMPIRE

14. British Imperialism in India  Sepoy Rebellion  Sepoy Rebellion (1857)  Example of physical force: “Black Hole of Calcutta”  1691: BEIC attains fortified outpost in Bengal at Calcutta  1756: Nawab overruns the fortified outpost, imprisons British; British, led by Robert Clive, overthrow the nawab  1765: British persuade the Mughal emperor of the BEIC’s right to rule Bengal; tax and trade revenue!  Defeat of Tipu Sultan of Mysore  Secured south India for the BEIC and prevented French resurgence BRITISH EMPIRE

15. British Imperialism in India  Sepoy Rebellion  Sepoy Rebellion (1857)  British East India Trading Company dominated India since 1757  Ruled India by using SEPOYs  Persian “Sipah” for army  India was Britain’s most valuable colony  Sepoys: Indians trained by British as private army to protect BEITCO  1857: British forces switched to Enfield Rifles  Cartridges were sealed with beef and pork fat… Indian Sepoys rebelled  BEITCO took one year to squash the rebellion (200k lose??!) nationalism  Led to a rise in Indian nationalism, but failed because it did not exist yet Indian National Congress  Led to the creation of the Indian National Congress  pushed for home rule BRITISH EMPIRE

16. British Imperialism in India  Sepoy Rebellion  Sepoy Rebellion (1857)  “Whenever the grease around the bullet appears to be melted away, or otherwise removed from the cartridge, the sides of the bullet should be wetted in the mouth before putting it into the barrel; the saliva will serve the purpose of grease for the time being.” -Enfield Rifle Field Manual BRITISH EMPIRE

17. IMPERIALISM IN EGYPT  Muhammad Ali  Muhammad Ali – 1805  Bonaparte leaves Egypt; Ali takes power in absence of power seizing Muslim lands  Paid for his reforms by seizing Muslim lands and selling wheat overseas  Takes mamluks’ land  Mamluks: slaves to the land (owned by the king) European models  Set up military schools featuring European models  Ultimately, industrialization fails as money to finance industrialization comes from British entrepreneurs  Egypt becomes more a colony of Britain

19. Suez Canal Suez Canal  history a microcosm of British/French imperialism  French Suez Canal Company  French Suez Canal Company built it (1859-1869)  Khdeive of Egypt: “We are now not a country of Africa, but a country of Europe.” --- thought it would modernize Egypt, France had 99 year lease IMPERIALISM IN EGYPT

20. Suez Canal Suez Canal  history a microcosm of British/French imperialism  French Suez Canal Company  French Suez Canal Company built it (1859-1869)  Khdeive of Egypt: “We are now not a country of Africa, but a country of Europe.” --- thought it would modernize Egypt, France had 99 year lease IMPERIALISM IN EGYPT

22.  British buy off huge debt  British buy off huge debt Egypt owed France (1875)  Egypt goes bankrupt, project costs 2x original $; 1m forced Egyptian laborers  British take over  British take over in 1882  2/3 of Egyptian taxes go to paying Britain; essentially Britain takes over Egypt  France joins “the party”  Britain/France control Egyptian railways, ports, post offices, museums IMPERIALISM IN EGYPT

23.  Why does this matter? significantly increased global trade controlled by the Europeans  Lower shipping costs, stimulated shipping and construction of steamships for those with overseas trade ( significantly increased global trade controlled by the Europeans )

24.  REDUCED THE DISTANCE BY 43%  120 miles long and 80 feet deep  There are no locks!  Today…  15,000 Ships pass through the Suez Canal each year ; That’s 7% of the world’s Maritime traffic  22% of that are Oil Tankers; 44% are Containerships  Brings Egypt $3 Billion a year IMPERIALISM IN EGYPT

27. “Cape to Cairo”

28. British imperialism in Australia & New Zealand  Convicts settling a territory? What???  Discovery of gold and shifting to policy of “real” people settling land  Exterminating the seal population for their oil BRITISH EMPIRE

30. New government following the French Revolution…  The Directory  The Directory (1795-1799)  Conservative government – corrupt; relied on military to maintain its power  1799: Coup d’etat  General Napoleon Bonaparte creating new government of popular authoritarianism  Rise of Napoleon  http://www.history.com/topics/napoleon/videos/the-rise-of- napoleon?m=528e394da93ae&s=undefined&f=1&free=false http://www.history.com/topics/napoleon/videos/the-rise-of- napoleon?m=528e394da93ae&s=undefined&f=1&free=false FRENCH EMPIRE

31. Napoleon Bonaparte  Overview  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tfHnwqtJT9U https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tfHnwqtJT9U  Reconciles with Catholic Church BUT crowns himself emperor in 1804, not the pope  Napoleonic Code  Gave France internal stability and protection of personal/property rights  Right to choose profession (feudalism), equality before law, and religious toleration  Denied women property rights and freedom of speech FRENCH EMPIRE

33. Napoleon Bonaparte  Military genius  Military genius; no single European military could defeat him  Napoleon’s Strategic Genius  http://www.history.com/topics/napoleon/videos/napoleons-strategic-genius http://www.history.com/topics/napoleon/videos/napoleons-strategic-genius costly war  1807-1808: Invades Iberian Peninsula = costly war of attrition with Spanish and Portuguese forces winter disaster  1812: Invades Russia = winter disaster  Napoleon Invades Russia  http://www.history.com/topics/napoleon/videos/napoleon-invades-russia http://www.history.com/topics/napoleon/videos/napoleon-invades-russia defeat Napoleon  1814: Alliance of Russia, Austria, Prussia, and England defeat Napoleon FRENCH EMPIRE

35. Congress of Vienna Congress of Vienna (1814-1815)  Representatives of Britain, Russia, Prussia, and Austria met to reestablish the conservative order in Europe  Austria, Russia, and Prussia form “Holy Alliance”  All agree to force Ottoman Empire to recognize Greek independence, or else…  Restored French monarchy, redrew the borders of France and other European states FRENCH EMPIRE