3. Section 2: Hypnosis, Biofeedback, and Meditation Chapter Objectives Discuss the stages of sleep and periods of dreaming.  Understand that hypnosis, biofeedback, and meditation are altered states of consciousness that can occur while we are awake. Section 1: Sleep and Dreams Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

4. Section 1-1 Reader’s Guide Main Idea –Sleep–an essential state of consciousness– involves stages and periods of dreaming.  Objectives –List and discuss sleep disorders. –Describe the research related to sleep and dreams.  Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 1 begins on page 183 of your textbook.

5. Vocabulary –REM sleep  –circadian rhythm  –insomnia  –sleep apnea  –narcolepsy  –nightmares  –night terrors  –sleepwalking –consciousness  Section 1-2 Reader’s Guide (cont.) Click the Speaker button to listen to Exploring Psychology. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 1 begins on page 183 of your textbook.

6. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. How important is sleep to humans?  Sleep is vital to mental health.  Peter Tripp found out that if a person is deprived of sleep, he or she will have psychological symptoms (although not all people have symptoms as extreme as Tripp’s).  Most people think of sleep as a state of unconsciousness, punctuated by brief periods of dreaming; this is only partially correct. Introduction

7. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Sleep is a state of altered consciousness, characterized by certain patterns of brain activity.  consciousness a state of awareness, including a person’s feelings, sensations, ideas, and perceptions What is consciousness?  Introduction (cont.) Consciousness is a state of awareness.  When we discuss altered states of consciousness, we mean that people can have different levels of awareness.

8. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Consciousness can range from alertness to nonalertness.  People who are fully aware with their attention focused on something are conscious of that “something.”  A person who is not completely aware is in a different level of consciousness–an altered state of consciousness.  Sleep illustrates an altered state of consciousness. Introduction (cont.)

9. Figure 1-1 Freud’s Levels of Conciousness

10. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. A researcher cannot ask a sleeping person to report on the experience without first waking the person.  The study of sleep was aided by the development of the electroencephalograph (EEG), a device that records the electrical activity of the brain. Introduction (cont.) Although sleep is a major part of human and animal behavior, it has been extremely difficult to study until recently. 

11. Section 1-7 We are not sure why people sleep.  Sleep is characterized by unresponsiveness to the environment and limited physical mobility.  Some people believe that sleep is restorative; it allows people to “charge up their batteries.”  Other people believe it is a type of primitive hibernation: we sleep to conserve energy.  Still other researchers believe we sleep to clear our minds of useless information. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Why Do We Sleep?

12. As you begin to fall asleep, your body temperature declines, your pulse rate drops, and your breathing grows slow and even.  Gradually, your eyes close and your brain briefly emits alpha waves, which are associated with the absence of concentrated thought and with relaxation.  Your body may twitch, your eyes roll, and brief visual images flash across your mind (although your eyelids are shut) as you enter Stage I sleep, the lightest level. Stages of Sleep

13. Figure 1-2 Patterns of Sleep

14. In Stage I sleep, your pulse slows a bit more and your muscles relax, but your breathing becomes uneven and your brain waves grow irregular.  About 10 minutes later, your brain waves begin occasionally shifting from low-amplitude, high-frequency waves to high-amplitude, low-frequency waves–a pattern that indicates you have entered Stage II sleep.  Some 30 minutes later, you drift down into a deeper level of Stage III sleep. Early Stages

15. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Stage IV is the deepest sleep of all, and it is difficult to waken a sleeper in this stage.  Deep sleep is important to your physical and psychological well-being.  On average a person spends 75 percent of sleep time in Stages I through IV.  At this point, something curious happens. Later Stages

16. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Although your muscles are even more relaxed than before, your eyes begin to move rapidly.  REM sleep a stage of sleep characterized by rapid eye movements, a high level of brain activity, a deep relaxation of the muscles, and dreaming You have entered a more active type of sleep characterized by rapid eye movement.  Later Stages (cont.) This is called REM sleep.

17. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. REM sleep lasts from about 15 (early at night) to 45 (late at night) minutes, after which you retrace the descent to Stage IV.  You go through this cycle every 90 minutes or so.  At no point does your brain become inactive.  REM sleep seems to serve psychological functions such as building efficient learning and memory processes. Later Stages (cont.)

18. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Humans spend approximately one-third of their lives in sleep.  The amount of sleep a person needs to function effectively varies considerably from individual to individual and from time to time within a person’s life.  Have you ever noticed that there are certain times of the day when you are more alert or more tired?  People seem to have an internal biological clock that regulates the sleep- wakefulness cycle. How Much Sleep?

19. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Blood pressure, heart rate, appetite, secretion of hormones and digestive enzymes, sensory sharpness, and elimination processes all follow circadian rhythms (Hrushesky, 1994).  circadian rhythm the rhythm of activity and inactivity lasting approximately one day A circadian rhythm is a biological clock that is genetically programmed to regulate physiological responses within a time period of 24 or 25 hours. How Much Sleep? (cont.)

20. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Sleep is an active state essential for mental and physical restoration.  Sometimes, though, we may have problems falling asleep or have problems during sleep.  These sleep disorders may interfere with the quality of life and personal health, as well as endanger public safety because of their role in industrial or traffic accidents. Sleep Disorders

21. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Everyone has had a sleepless night at one time or another.  insomnia the failure to get enough sleep at night in order to feel rested the next day Some people have sleep problems like this all the time.  Insomnia Insomnia–a prolonged and usually abnormal inability to obtain adequate sleep–can have many causes and takes many forms.

22. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. The sleep disorder sleep apnea causes frequent interruptions of breathing during sleep.  sleep apnea a sleep disorder in which a person has trouble breathing while asleep One of the most common symptoms is a specific kind of snoring that may occur hundreds of times during the night.  Sleep apnea affects about 1 in 100 Americans. Sleep Apnea

23. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Another disorder, narcolepsy, is characterized by a permanent and overwhelming feeling of sleepiness and fatigue.  narcolepsy a condition characterized by suddenly falling asleep or feeling very sleepy during the day People with narcolepsy may have sleep attacks throughout the day. Narcolepsy

24. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Frightening dreams–nightmares–occur during the dream phase of REM sleep.  nightmares unpleasant dreams night terrors sleep disruptions that occur during Stage IV of sleep, involving screaming, panic, or confusion On the other hand, night terrors occur during Stage IV sleep (usually within an hour after going to bed).  Nightmares and Night Terrors A night terror may involve screaming, sweating, confusion, and a rapid heart rate.

25. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. A disorder in which a person is partly, but not completely, awake during the night is sleepwalking.  sleepwalking walking or carrying out behaviors while asleep That person may walk or do other things without any memory of doing so.  Sleep talking is a common sleep disruption. Sleepwalking and Sleep Talking

26. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. We call the mental activity that takes place during sleep dreaming.  Everybody dreams, although most people are able to recall only a few, if any, of their dreams.  Researchers have found that after people have been deprived of REM sleep, they subsequently increase the amount of time they spend in REM sleep.  Thus, it appears that a certain amount of dreaming each night is necessary (Dement, 1976). Dreams

27. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. When people are awakened randomly during REM sleep and asked what they had just been dreaming, the reports generally are commonplace, even dull (Hall & Van de Castle, 1966).  Often we incorporate our everyday activities into our dreams.  Some dreams are negative enough to be considered nightmares.  Nightmares often have such a frightening quality that we awaken in the middle of them. The Content of Dreams

28. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Dream interpretations have been discovered dating back to 5000 B.C.  Sigmund Freud believed that no matter how simple or mundane, dreams may contain clues to thoughts the dreamer is afraid to acknowledge in his or her waking hours.  Some social scientists, however, are skeptical of dream interpretations. Dream Interpretation

29. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Daydreaming requires a low level of awareness and involves fantasizing or dreaming while we are awake.  Usually we daydream when we are in situations that require little attention or when we are bored.  Daydreaming serves useful purposes such as reminding us of or preparing us for important things in our future.  Some psychologists believe daydreaming allows us to control our emotions. Dream Interpretation (cont.) Daydreams

30. Section 2-1 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 2 begins on page 191 of your textbook. Reader’s Guide Main Idea –Hypnosis, biofeedback, and meditation are altered states of consciousness that can occur when we are awake.  Objectives –Describe research into such techniques as biofeedback and meditation. –Determine how hypnosis relates to consciousness. 

31. Section 2-2 Reader’s Guide (cont.) Click the Speaker button to listen to Exploring Psychology. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 2 begins on page 191 of your textbook. Vocabulary –posthypnotic suggestion  –biofeedback  –meditation –hypnosis 

32. Section 2-3 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Surgery without anesthesia may sound like a trick, but such operations have been performed by hypnotizing the patient.  Although hypnosis still conjures up images of a circus magician, researchers are learning more about this mind-body connection.  Doctors and therapists use hypnosis to help people quit smoking, lose weight, manage stress, overcome phobias, and diminish pain. Introduction

33. Section 2-4 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. So what exactly is hypnosis?  hypnosis a state of consciousness resulting from a narrowed focus of attention and characterized by heightened suggestibility Hypnosis is a form of altered consciousness in which people become highly suggestible to changes in behavior and thought.  What Is Hypnosis? During hypnosis, participants become highly receptive and responsive to certain internal and external stimuli.

34. Section 2-5 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. The hypnotist induces a trance by slowly persuading a participant to relax and to lose interest in external distractions.  In an environment of trust, a participant with a rich imagination can become very susceptible to the hypnotist’s suggestions.  Psychologists who use hypnosis stress that the relationship between the hypnotist and participant involves cooperation, not domination. What Is Hypnosis? (cont.)

35. Section 2-6 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Psychologists do not agree about the nature of hypnosis.  Some, like Theodore Barber (1965), argue that hypnosis is simply the result of suggestibility.  Others, like Ernest Hilgard (1986), believe that there is something special about the hypnotic state.  Whether hypnosis is a special state of consciousness or not, it does reveal that people have potential abilities that they do not use. Theories of Hypnosis

36. Section 2-7 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Hypnosis has serious uses in medical and therapeutic settings.  posthypnotic suggestion a suggestion made during hypnosis that influences the participant’s behavior afterward Hypnotists can suggest things for their participants to remember or forget when the trance is over.  Uses of Hypnosis This is known as posthypnotic suggestion.

37. Section 2-8 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Hypnosis is sometimes used to reduce pain.  Hypnotic analgesia refers to a reduction of pain reported by patients after they had undergone hypnosis.  In these situations, the hypnotist works with the patient to reduce his or her anxiety and encourage relaxation.  Therefore, a patient’s perception of pain is reduced. Uses of Hypnosis (cont.)

38. Section 2-9 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Therapists use hypnosis to help clients reveal their problems or gain insight into their lives.  Hypnosis, though, is not for all patients.  Some fear the loss of control associated with hypnosis.  Therapists often combine hypnosis with other therapies to help patients work through their problems. Uses of Hypnosis (cont.)

39. Section 2-10 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. A technique in which a person learns to control his or her internal physiological processes with the help of feedback is biofeedback.  biofeedback the process of learning to control bodily states with the help of specialized machines The basic principle of biofeedback is simple: feedback makes learning possible. Biofeedback

40. Section 2-11 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Biofeedback involves using machines to tell people about very subtle, moment-to- moment changes in the body.  Some of the best-documented biofeedback cures involve special training in muscular control.  Biofeedback used without drugs seems to help many people. Biofeedback (cont.)

41. Section 2-12 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. When a person focuses his or her attention on an image or thought with the goal of clearing the mind and producing relaxation, or an “inner peace,” that person is practicing meditation.  meditation the focusing of attention to clear one’s mind and produce relaxation Meditation has been practiced in various parts of the world for thousands of years. Meditation

42. Section 2-13 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. There are three major approaches to meditation.  –Transcendental meditation involves the mental repetition of a mantra, usually a Sanskrit sound.  –Mindfulness meditation focuses on the present moment.  –Breath meditation is a concentration on one’s respiration–the process of inhaling and exhaling. Meditation (cont.)

43. Section 2-14 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Researchers generally agree that most people can benefit from the sort of systematic relaxation that meditation provides.  It has been found that meditation can help people lower their blood pressure, heart rates, and respiration rates.  The issue is not clear-cut, however.  Reported benefits may come from a biased, self-selected sample of successful practitioners. Meditation (cont.)

44. Case Studies 1 Continued on next slide. Read the case study presented on page 196 of your textbook. Be prepared to answer the questions that appear on the following slides. A discussion prompt and additional information follow the questions. A Breath of Fresh Air This feature is found on page 196 of your textbook.

45. Case Studies 2 Continued on next slide. What causes asthma? Asthma is generally caused by allergic reactions, stress, endocrine changes, genetic makeup, or psychological traits. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. This feature is found on page 196 of your textbook. A Breath of Fresh Air

46. Case Studies 3 Continued on next slide. Describe how participants monitored their physiological processes in the experiments. They used biofeedback monitors (mirrors) to learn to control their heart rates during breathing cycles and to learn to control the muscle reflex that constricts airways during an asthmatic episode. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. This feature is found on page 196 of your textbook. A Breath of Fresh Air

47. Case Studies 4 Continued on next slide. Critical Thinking How did participants use biofeedback in the experiments? Why was it successful? They performed exercises while looking in the mirror for signs of muscle tension. Participants learned to successfully control certain physiological processes. In the short-run, biofeedback reduced the use of medication and decreased the number of emergency room visits. The long-term effects are still not clear. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. This feature is found on page 196 of your textbook. A Breath of Fresh Air

48. Case Studies 1 Continued on next slide. Read the case study presented on page 196 of your textbook. Be prepared to answer the questions that appear on the following slides. A discussion prompt and additional information follow the questions. A Breath of Fresh Air This feature is found on page 196 of your textbook.

49. Case Studies 2 Continued on next slide. What causes asthma? Asthma is generally caused by allergic reactions, stress, endocrine changes, genetic makeup, or psychological traits. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. This feature is found on page 196 of your textbook. A Breath of Fresh Air

50. Case Studies 3 Continued on next slide. Describe how participants monitored their physiological processes in the experiments. They used biofeedback monitors (mirrors) to learn to control their heart rates during breathing cycles and to learn to control the muscle reflex that constricts airways during an asthmatic episode. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. This feature is found on page 196 of your textbook. A Breath of Fresh Air

51. Case Studies 4 Continued on next slide. Critical Thinking How did participants use biofeedback in the experiments? Why was it successful? They performed exercises while looking in the mirror for signs of muscle tension. Participants learned to successfully control certain physiological processes. In the short-run, biofeedback reduced the use of medication and decreased the number of emergency room visits. The long-term effects are still not clear. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. This feature is found on page 196 of your textbook. A Breath of Fresh Air

52. Case Studies 5 Continued on next slide. Do you think biofeedback will work for all asthma sufferers? Why or why not? Using the causes of asthma mentioned in the text, what other types of medical problems may be effectively treated using biofeedback? Discuss the following: This feature is found on page 196 of your textbook. A Breath of Fresh Air

53. Case Studies 6 Continued on next slide. Biofeedback requires people to learn various techniques like breathing and relaxation exercises. Typically, at least three to four training sessions are required to begin to realize the benefits. Once training is complete, the asthma sufferer will need to continue the exercises learned indefinitely. This feature is found on page 196 of your textbook. A Breath of Fresh Air

54. Case Studies 7 Continued on next slide. –Biofeedback requires people to learn various techniques like breathing and relaxation exercises.  –Typically, at least three to four training sessions are required to begin to realize the benefits.  –Once training is complete, the asthma sufferer will need to continue the exercises learned indefinitely.  –A typical biofeedback session involves having the participant connected via wires to a computer. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. This feature is found on page 196 of your textbook. A Breath of Fresh Air

55. Case Studies 8 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. This feature is found on page 196 of your textbook. –Electrodes that are targeted for measurement and modification are attached to different parts of the body, usually the head, hands, fingers, feet, or muscle areas.  –The signal transmitted from the electrodes to the computer provides immediate information through signals the asthma sufferer can see and/or hear about the levels of physiological activity. Continued on next slide. A Breath of Fresh Air

56. Case Studies 9 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. This feature is found on page 196 of your textbook. –The computer then indicates any changes in the activities of the participant’s body that occur as a result of the relaxation and visualization techniques used during the session. A Breath of Fresh Air

57. Daily Focus 1.1 Continued on next slide.

58. Daily Focus 1.2 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers. Answers: 1.Answers will vary. Examples include sleep deprivations and increased risk of accidents from falling asleep while driving.  2.People dream during REM sleep.  3.Narcolepsy makes it difficult to stay awake.  4.Insomnia keeps you awake.

59. Daily Focus 2.1 Continued on next slide.

60. Daily Focus 2.2 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers. Answers: 1.Hypnosis can help people quit smoking or stop overeating.  2.Hypnosis can be used to manage the pain of childbirth or of dental work.  3.It can reveal unconscious thoughts and memories. Posthypnotic suggestions can help people forget painful things.

61. FYI 1.1 Prehistoric humans believed that the soul leaves the body during sleep. Ancient cultures worshiped gods they believed were responsible for sleep. The Greeks called such a deity Hypnos, and the Romans called him Somnus.

62. FYI 1.2 According to the American Narcoleptic Association, the number of narcoleptics in the United States totals more than 250,000. The condition is actually an attack of REM sleep. While drugs reduce the effects of narcolepsy, they cannot cure it.

63. REM sleep and dreaming are often considered synonymous. As psychologists continue to study the brain, they are discovering that the areas of the brain responsible for REM sleep and dreaming are not the same. REM sleep is caused by the secretion of acetylcholine in the pons (part of the brain stem). Dreaming seems to be located in the frontal lobes. Psychology Update 1.1 REM Sleep and Dreaming Continued on next slide.

64. One way in which psychologists have discovered the difference between the two is by studying accident victims. Those whose brain stem has not been damaged will still enter REM sleep, but they do not report any dream activity. Conversely, damage to the brain stem without accompanying damage to the frontal lobe results in dreams without REM sleep. Psychology Update 1.1 REM Sleep and Dreaming

65. Looking at the Issues 2.1 Sleep deprivation is a contributing factor in about 550 traffic accidents per year.  Sleep Deprivation Sleep deprivation was a contributing factor in the Three Mile Island, Chernobyl, and Exxon Valdez accidents.  Researcher Stanley Coren of the University of British Columbia has studied the effects of the change to daylight savings time.  His research indicates that traffic accidents increase by 8 percent the Monday morning after daylight savings time begins. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Continued on next slide.

66. Looking at the Issues 2.2 Correspondingly, traffic accidents decrease by about 8 percent the Monday after daylight savings time ends.  Sleep Deprivation Do these correlations indicate a cause-and-effect relationship?  What suggestions do you have for reducing the number of accidents the Monday after daylight savings time begins? Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

67. Read the Psychology and You feature on page 193 of your textbook.  Discuss the following: Psychology and You 2.1 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. To what other pursuits besides sports could these suggestions be applied?

68. Click the picture to listen to a biography on Franz Anton Mesmer. Be prepared to answer questions that appear on the next two slides. Profiles in Psychology 2.1 This feature is found on page 192 of your textbook. Franz Anton Mesmer 1734–1815

69. Profiles in Psychology 2.2 How did Mesmer treat his patients’ medical problems? He passed a magnet over his patients’ bodies while they were surrounded by iron fillings to redirect the flow of blood, nerve activity, and fluids. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. This feature is found on page 192 of your textbook. Franz Anton Mesmer 1734–1815

70. Profiles in Psychology 2.3 What did he consider animal magnetism? He considered himself to be the magnet and the force he discharged to be animal magnetism. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. This feature is found on page 192 of your textbook. Franz Anton Mesmer 1734–1815