1. Benthic Macroinvertebrates What these critters can tell us about water quality

2. Benthic Macroinvertebrates Aquatic organisms that lack a backbone and are large enough to be seen with naked eye Benthic = bottom dwelling

3. Why use macros for indicating aquatic ecosystem health? Homebodies – don’t move very far Easily collected Found year round Give longer term picture of the past water quality – living populations take time to rebound after a pollution event Pollution-sensitive vs. pollution-tolerant Index species - when found in large populations, they indicate the health of the water Greater diversity in macro population = health

4. Stress Tolerance Ability of organisms to withstand disturbances in their environment Disturbances are of human or natural origin. Environmental stress is a broader term referring to any action that brings about undesirable changes—removal of water, dam construction, deforestation are examples of human induced stress. Since different organisms have different stress tolerances, we can use BMIs as ecological indicators.

5. Factors that limit BMI populations OXYGEN Invertebrates respire, taking in oxygen and releasing carbon dioxide Air contains 21% oxygen, where as saturated water only contains 0.0015% Temperature affects oxygen concentration Species with high oxygen requirements are restricted to areas where water is cool, has fast current, or where splashing adds O 2 to water

6. BREATHING Most depend on dissolved oxygen from water Use gills, or through the general body surface, or both. Some have specialized behaviors to increase oxygen diffusion (ie wiggling) Some breathe oxygen from the atmosphere: – Some attach a tiny quantity bubble of oxygen to body and breathe from it while under surface of water – Some use breathing tubes or siphons and hang out near surface of water

7. Factors that limit BMI populations ORGANIC SUBSTRATES Includes both alive (herbaceous) and dead (detrital) plant material Provides a place to live (habitat) Organic substrates are excellent habitats due to natural complexity

8. The Greatest Diversity of BMIs Found in habitats where the mineral substrate is predominantly loose cobbles and pebbles, with a few boulders. Size + irregular composition=infinite array of hiding places, attachment sites, current velocities, surfaces for algae to grow, edges to catch coarse detritus and woody debris, and openings where fine detritus settles

9. Factors that limit BMI populations ACIDITY pH scale-concentration of H + ions Range for aquatic organisms is 5-9 VT water quality standard is 6.5-8.5

10. Feeding Groups – what’s its job? Collectors – feed on decomposing organic matter – Gathering – bottom feeders – Filtering – trap and strain out of water Scrapers – scrape algae off rocks Shredders – break large pieces of plant material into smaller pieces Predators – capture and kill other organisms Parasites – attach to and suck fluid from other organisms

11. ID’ing your macros Mouth parts – job? Wing buds Gills on abdomen Antennae Leg quantity Special casing Claws (tarsus) Tails (cerci) Identify ORDER – Ephemeroptera * – Plecoptera * – Trichoptera * – Megaloptera – Odonata – Hemiptera – Coleoptera – Diptera – others Common name

12. Order: Ephemoptera Common: Mayfly 6 legs 3 long tails (cerci) Gills along abdomen Short antennae Wing buds may be present https://www.youtube.com/watch?v= F6RKxeREHLc https://www.youtube.com/watch?v= F6RKxeREHLc

13. MAYFLY LIFECYCLE

14. Order: Plecoptera Common: Stonefly 6 legs 2 long tails (cerci) moderate length antennae “armor” on thorax no gills on abdomen Single tarsus (claw) at end of leg

15. STONEFLY LIFECYCLE

16. Order: Trichoptera Common: Caddisfly larva 6 legs on thorax 2 hooks / false legs on end of abdomen May have gills along lower half of abdomen May be in stick, leaf or stone case w/ head protruding https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_V2_a Wmjpow https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_V2_a Wmjpow

17. CADDISFLY LIFECYCLE