1. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2000 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 1 Systems Analysis and Design Alan Dennis and Barbara Haley Wixom John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Slides by Fred Niederman

2. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2000 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 2 Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted in Section 117 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without the express written permission of the copyright owner is unlawful. Request for further information should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. The purchaser may make back-up copies for his/her own use only and not for redistribution or resale. The Publisher assumes no responsibility for errors, omissions, or damages, caused by the use of these programs or from the use of the information contained herein.

3. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2000 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 3 Installation Chapter 15

4. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2000 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 4 Key Ideas Transitioning to new systems involves managing change from pre-existing norms and habits. Change management involves: Unfreezing -- loosening up peoples’ habits and norms Moving -- transition from old to new systems Refreezing -- institutionalize and make efficient the new way of doing things

5. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2000 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 5 Implementing Change

6. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2000 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 6 Key Ideas Post-implementation activities include providing: System support, such as help desks Systems maintenance, fixing bugs and providing improvements (can be 60-80% of an organization’s IT budget) Project assessment, learning how to improve from project experiences

7. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2000 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 7 Conversion

8. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2000 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 8 Migration Planning What activities will be performed when and by whom Technical aspects = CONVERSION  installing hardware and software  converting data Organizational aspects = ORGANIZATIONAL CHANGE  training users on the system  motivating employees to use the new system to aid their work

9. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2000 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 9 Elements of a Migration Plan

10. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2000 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 10 Conversion Styles Direct conversion the new system instantly replaces the old Parallel conversion for a time both old and new systems are used. The old is abandoned when the new is proven fully capable

11. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2000 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 11 Conversion Location Pilot conversion One or more locations are converted to work out bugs before extending to other locations Phased conversion Locations are converted in sets Simultaneous conversion All locations are converted at the same time

12. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2000 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 12 Conversion Modules Whole system conversion All modules converted in one step Modular conversion When modules are loosely associated, they can be converted one at a time

13. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2000 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 13 Conversion Strategies

14. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2000 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 14 Key Factors in Selecting a Conversion Strategy Risk Seriousness of consequences of remaining bugs Cost Parallel requires paying for two systems for a period of time Simultaneous requires more staff to support all locations Time Parallel, phased, and modular require more time

15. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2000 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 15 Change Management

16. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2000 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 16 Key Roles in Change Management The sponsor is the business person who initiated the request for the new system The change agent is the person(s) who lead the change effort The potential adopter(s) are the people who are invited to participate in the change.

17. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2000 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 17 Steps in Change Management 1. Revise management policies 2. Assess costs and benefits models of potential adopters 3. Motivate adoption 4. Enable people to adopt

18. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2000 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 18 Understanding Resistance to Change Even changes that benefit an organization do not necessarily benefit each individual Adapting to new work processes requires effort, for which there may be no additional compensation

19. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2000 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 19 Post-Implementation Activities

20. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2000 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 20 Institutionalization of the System Provide support Assistance in using the system Provide maintenance Repair or fix discovered bugs or errors Add minor enhancements to provide added value Assess the project Analyze what was done well Discover what activities need improvement in the future

21. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2000 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 21 Types of System Support On-demand training at time of user need Online support Frequently asked questions (FAQ) Help desk Phone service for known issues Level 2 Support

22. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2000 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 22 Sources of Change Requests 1. Problem reports from the operations group 2. Requests for enhancements from users 3. Requests from other systems development projects 4. Change requests from senior management

23. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2000 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 23 Project Assessment Important for continued project improvement Especially important for junior personnel to improve quickly

24. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2000 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 24 Project Team Review Each member prepares 2-3 page document regarding her or his actions during the project Focus on improvement not penalties Excellent behaviors are acknowledged and diffused to others Team leader summarizes and distributes lessons learned

25. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2000 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 25 System Review Examine the extent to which the costs and benefits of the system are realized Use this information to help in more accurately estimating costs and benefits for future projects