1. Topic: Computer Communication, Networks and Internet Subject: Computer Communication and Networks Class: BS IT 4 th Semester By: Muhammad Hanif

2. Challenges… No one can defeat us unless we first defeat ourselves. Dwight Eisenhower No one can defeat us unless we first defeat ourselves. Dwight Eisenhower "Strength of mind is exercise, not rest.“ Alexander Pope "Strength of mind is exercise, not rest.“ Alexander Pope “Give me six hours to chop down a tree and I will spend the first four sharpening the axe.” Abraham Lincoln “Give me six hours to chop down a tree and I will spend the first four sharpening the axe.” Abraham Lincoln

3. Computer Networks and Internet Computer Networks Computer Networks Communication Model Communication Model Transmission Modes Transmission Modes Communication Types Communication Types Classification Of Computer Networks Classification Of Computer Networks By Scale By Scale By Structure By Structure By Topology By Topology Network Media Network Media Internetworking Internetworking

4. Computer Network A computer network is a group of interconnected computers. A computer network is a group of interconnected computers. It allows computers to communicate with each other and to share resources and information. It allows computers to communicate with each other and to share resources and information.

5. Communication Model

6. Source Source generates data to be transmitted generates data to be transmitted Transmitter Transmitter Converts data into transmittable signals Converts data into transmittable signals Transmission System Transmission System Carries data Carries data Receiver Receiver Converts received signal into data Converts received signal into data Destination Destination Takes incoming data Takes incoming data

7. Transmission Modes Simplex Simplex One direction One direction e.g. Television e.g. Television Half duplex Half duplex Either direction, but only one way at a time Either direction, but only one way at a time e.g. police radio e.g. police radio Full duplex Full duplex Both directions at the same time Both directions at the same time e.g. telephone e.g. telephone

8. Communication Types Unicasting (one-to-one) Unicasting (one-to-one) Multicasting (one-to-many) Multicasting (one-to-many) Broadcasting (one-to-all) Broadcasting (one-to-all)

9. Network Classification By Size or Scale By Size or Scale LAN LAN WAN WAN MAN MAN CAN CAN PAN PAN

10. Local Area Network (LAN) Contains printers, servers and computers Contains printers, servers and computers Systems are close to each other Systems are close to each other Contained in one office or building Contained in one office or building Organizations often have several LANS Organizations often have several LANS

11. Wide Area Networks (WAN) Two or more LANs connected Two or more LANs connected Over a large geographic area Over a large geographic area Typically use public or leased lines Typically use public or leased lines Phone lines Phone lines Satellite Satellite The Internet is a WAN The Internet is a WAN

12. Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) MANs are Larger than LANs, But smaller than WANs MANs are Larger than LANs, But smaller than WANs MANs are usually characterized by very high-speed connections using Fiber Optical Cable or other digital Media MANs are usually characterized by very high-speed connections using Fiber Optical Cable or other digital Media Large network that connects different organizations Large network that connects different organizations Shares regional resources Shares regional resources

13. Campus Area Networks (CAN) A LAN in one large geographic area A LAN in one large geographic area Resources related to the same organization Resources related to the same organization Each department shares the LAN Each department shares the LAN

14. Personal Area Network (PAN) Very small scale network Very small scale network Range is less than 2 meters Range is less than 2 meters Cell phones, PDAs, MP3 players Cell phones, PDAs, MP3 players

15. Network Classification By Structure / Functional Relationship By Structure / Functional Relationship Client / Server Client / Server Peer to Peer (P2PN) Peer to Peer (P2PN)

16. Client/Server network Nodes and servers share data roles Nodes and servers share data roles Nodes Request for resources Nodes Request for resources Share Resources Share Resources Nodes are called clients Nodes are called clients Servers are used to control access Servers are used to control access Database software Database software Access to data controlled by server Access to data controlled by server Server is the most important computer Server is the most important computer

17. Peer to peer networks (P2PN) All nodes are equal All nodes are equal Nodes access resources on other nodes Nodes access resources on other nodes Each node controls its own resources Each node controls its own resources Most modern OS allow P2PN Most modern OS allow P2PN

18. Network Classification By Topology / Physical Connectivity By Topology / Physical Connectivity BUS BUS STAR STAR RING RING MESH MESH TREE TREE

19. Network Topology Logical layout of wires and equipment Logical layout of wires and equipment Choice affects Choice affects Network performance Network performance Network size Network size Network collision detection Network collision detection

20. BUS Also called linear bus Also called linear bus One wire connects all nodes One wire connects all nodes Terminator ends the wires Terminator ends the wires Advantages Advantages Easy to setup Easy to setup Small amount of wire Small amount of wire Disadvantages Disadvantages Slow Slow Easy to crash Easy to crash

21. STAR All nodes connect to a hub All nodes connect to a hub Packets sent to hub Packets sent to hub Hub sends packet to destination Hub sends packet to destination Advantages Advantages Easy to setup Easy to setup One cable can not crash network One cable can not crash network Disadvantages Disadvantages One hub crashing downs entire network One hub crashing downs entire network Uses lots of cable Uses lots of cable Most common topology Most common topology

22. RING Nodes connected in a circle Nodes connected in a circle Tokens used to transmit data Tokens used to transmit data Nodes must wait for token to send Nodes must wait for token to send Advantages Advantages Time to send data is known Time to send data is known No data collisions No data collisions Disadvantages Disadvantages Slow Slow

23. MESH All computers connected together All computers connected together Internet is a mesh network Internet is a mesh network Advantage Advantage Data will always be delivered Data will always be delivered Disadvantages Disadvantages Lots of cable Lots of cable Hard to setup Hard to setup

24. TREE Hierarchal Model Hierarchal Model Advantages Advantages Scaleable Scaleable Easy Implementation Easy Implementation Easy Troubleshooting Easy Troubleshooting

25. Network Media Links that connect nodes Links that connect nodes Choice impacts Choice impacts Speed Speed Security Security Size Size

26. Twisted-pair cabling Most common LAN cable Most common LAN cable Called Cat5 or 100BaseT Called Cat5 or 100BaseT Four pairs of copper cable twisted Four pairs of copper cable twisted May be shielded from interference May be shielded from interference Speeds range from 1 Mbps to 1,000 Mbps Speeds range from 1 Mbps to 1,000 Mbps

27. Coaxial cable Similar to cable TV wire Similar to cable TV wire One wire runs through cable One wire runs through cable Shielded from interference Shielded from interference Speeds up to 10 Mbps Speeds up to 10 Mbps Nearly obsolete (No larger in Use) Nearly obsolete (No larger in Use)

28. Fiber-optic cable Data is transmitted with light pulses Data is transmitted with light pulses Glass is use instead of cable Glass is use instead of cable Immune (resist) to interference Immune (resist) to interference Very secure Very secure Hard to work with Hard to work with Speeds up to 100 Gbps Speeds up to 100 Gbps

29. Wireless Media Data transmitted through the air Data transmitted through the air LANs use radio waves LANs use radio waves WANs use microwave signals WANs use microwave signals Easy to setup Easy to setup Difficult to secure Difficult to secure

30. Internetwork An Internetwork is the connection of two or more distinct computer networks or network segments via a common routing technology. Any interconnection among or between public, private, commercial, industrial, or governmental networks may also be defined as an internetwork.

31. Internetwork Intranet An intranet is a set of networks, using the Internet Protocol and IP-based tools such as web browsers and file transfer applications, that is under the control of a single administrative entity. With in a LAN. And can’t be access from out side. Most commonly, an intranet is the internal network of an organization Extranet An extranet is a network or internetwork that is limited in scope to a single organization or entity but which also has limited connections to the networks of one or more other usually, but not necessarily, trusted organizations or entities by definition, an extranet cannot consist of a single LAN; it must have at least one connection with an external network. Internet The Internet consists of a worldwide interconnection of governmental, academic, public, and private networks based upon the networking technologies of the Internet Protocol Suite. It is the successor of the Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET) developed by DARPA of the U.S. Department of Defense. The Internet is also the communications backbone underlying the World Wide Web (WWW).