1. Chapter 8: Joints Objectives: 1) Know the basic types of movement 2) Know the basic disorders that affect the joints Reminders: Quiz Monday

2. Types of Movements at Synovial Joints Flexion/Extension – movement in anterior/posterior plane flexion reduces the angle extension increases the angle in the anatomical position, all major joints (except ankle) are at full extension. extension past the anatomical position is called hyperextension example is bending your neck backwards to look at the sky

3. Types of Movements at Synovial Joints Abduction/Adduction – angular movement in frontal plane abduction moves away from the longitudinal axis of the body adduction moving towards the longitudinal axis of the body

4. Types of Movements at Synovial Joints Circumduction – angular motion, without rotation

5. Types of Movements at Synovial Joints Rotation – Left or right rotation – Medial rotation (inward rotation) rotates toward axis – Lateral rotation (outward rotation) rotates away from axis

6. Types of Movements at Synovial Joints Rotation of the forearm – Pronation: rotates forearm, radius over ulna – Supination: forearm in anatomical position

7. Special Movements Inversion/Eversion – twisting motion of the foot that turns sole inward (inversion) or outward (eversion)

8. Special Movements Dorsiflexion/Plantar flexion – flexion at ankle joint dorsiflexion elevates sole plantar flexion elevates heel NOTE: it is acceptable to use the terms flexion and extension for these movements of the ankle.

9. Special Movements Opposition – thumb movement toward fingers or palm (grasping) only primates and a few other species have opposable thumbs humans can move their thumbs farther across their hand than any other primate

10. Special Movements Protraction – moves anteriorly – in the horizontal plane (pushing forward) Retraction – opposite of protraction – moving anteriorly (pulling back)

11. Special Movements Elevation – moves in superior direction (up) Depression – moves in inferior direction (down) shoulder shrug

12. Special Movements Lateral Flexion – bends vertebral column from side to side

13. Sprains The ligaments reinforcing a joint are stretched or torn Partially torn ligaments slowly repair themselves Completely torn ligaments require prompt surgical repair Strains The muscles or tendons are stretched or torn Healing generally better than with a sprain, however it depends on the location of the strain with relationship of the joint

14. Inflammatory and Degenerative Conditions Bursitis – An inflammation of a bursa, usually caused by a blow or friction – Symptoms are pain and swelling – Treated with anti-inflammatory drugs; excessive fluid may be aspirated Tendonitis – Inflammation of tendon sheaths typically caused by overuse – Symptoms and treatment are similar to bursitis

15. Arthritis There are more than 100 different types of inflammatory or degenerative diseases that damage the joints Symptoms – pain, stiffness, and joint swelling Acute forms are caused by bacteria and are treated with antibiotics Chronic forms include osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and gouty arthritis

16. Osteoarthritis (OA) Most common chronic arthritis – aka “wear-and-tear” arthritis – aka degenerative joint disease (DJD) affects women more than men affects older population – as one ages, cartilage is destroyed more quickly than it is replaced – results in bone ends thicken, enlarge, form bone spurs, and restrict movement Joints most affected are the cervical and lumbar spine, fingers, knuckles, knees, and hips

17. Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) Chronic, inflammatory, autoimmune disease Typical onset between the ages of 40 to 50 Signs and symptoms include joint tenderness, anemia, osteoporosis, muscle atrophy, and cardiovascular problems

18. Gouty Arthritis (Gout) Deposition of uric acid crystals in joints and soft tissues, followed by an inflammation response More common in men Typically, gouty arthritis affects the joint at the base of the great toe In untreated gouty arthritis, the bone ends fuse and immobilize the joint Treatment – colchicine, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and glucocorticoids