1. A Disease-Warning System for Management of Summer Diseases of Apples in Commercial Orchards in Illinois Mohammad Babadoost University of Illinois

2. Fungicide Application for Control of Apple Diseases Fungicide ApplicationDiseases Application Intervals (Days)Season 1. Silver TipFire Blight7Spring 2. Green TipPrimary Scab7Spring 3. Half-Inch GreenPrimary Scab7Spring 4. Tight ClusterScab, Rust, Powdery Mildew7Spring 5. PinkScab, Rust, Powdery Mildew7-10Spring 6. BloomScab, Rust, Powdery Mildew7-10Spring 7. BloomScab, Rust, Powdery Mildew7-10Spring 8. Petal FallScab, Rust, Powdery Mildew10Spring 9. First Cover SprayScab, Fruit Rot10-14Summer 10. Second Cover SprayFruit Rot10-14Summer 11. Third Cover SpraySooty Blotch/Flyspeck, Fruit Rot10-14Summer 12. Fourth Cover SpraySooty Blotch/Flyspeck, Fruit Rot10-14Summer 13. Fifth Cover SpraySooty Blotch/Flyspeck, Fruit Rot10-14Summer 14. Sixth Cover SpraySooty Blotch/Flyspeck, Fruit Rot10-14Summer 15. Seventh Cover SpraySooty Blotch/Flyspeck, Fruit Rot10-14Summer 16. Eighth Cover SpraySooty Blotch/Flyspeck, Fruit Rot10-14Summer

3. Major Summer Diseases of Apples in Illinois ___________________________________ 1.Sooty blotch and Flyspeck 2.Fruit rots: Bitter rot Black rot White rot

4. Sooty Blotch/Flyspeck of Apple

5. Apple Bitter Rot

6. Sever Bitter Rot Infection of Apple

7. Apple Black Rot

9. Apple White Rot

11. Disease-Warning System: Moisture

12. Disease-Warning System for Sooty Blotch/Flyspeck ______________________________________ - North Carolina – 1995 273 h leaf wetness (4 h) - Kentucky – 1998 175 h leaf wetness (1 h) - Illinois-Iowa-Wisconsin – 2001-2002 175 h leaf wetness (4 h)

13. All Summer Diseases of Apple ____________________________________  175 h leaf wetness (4 h)  Threshold: 175 h after the first cover spray

14. Watchdog Leaf Wetness/ Temperature Logger

15. 175 h Leaf Wetness (4 h)- Illinois _________________________________________  Tested in 22 commercial orchards  All summer diseases: 2001-2010  Sooty Blotch/Flyspeck  Fruit rots (bitter, black, white rots)  Spring diseases (scab, powdery mildew, rusts,…) were also evaluated

16. Illinois 2001-2010

17. Champaign Urbana Sidney Villa Grove 3 8 12 18

19. Management of Summer Diseases of Apples in Illinois in 2002 Orchard location Apple variety 1 st -cover spray 2 nd -cover (Standard) 2 nd -cover (Predicted) Sprays saved (no) ChampaignGolden Del.13 May23 May14 June2 UrbanaGolden Del.24 May7 June19 July3 SidneyGolden Del.21 May1 June24 June2 Vila GroveGolden Del.22 May30 MayNot Sprayed 7 (All) SullivanGolden Del.15 May29 May16 July2 PeoriaOzark Gold.20 May31 May12 August5 Average 3.5 (50%)

21. Standard

22. . APPLE SUMMER DISEASES – MANAGEMENT, 2003 Location Variety 1 st cover spray 2 nd cover spray (standard) 2 nd cover spray (predicted)Sprays saved (NO.) TownCountyDate Wetness hours MaltaDekalbGolden19-May2-June20-Jun1841 SpeerMarshalGolden16-May27-May5-Aug1845 El PasoWoodfordGolden12-May27-May10-July2043 Champaign Golden13-May25-May20-Jun1652 UrbanaChampaignGolden21-May4-June2-Sep1876 SidneyChampaignGolden7-May13-may19-July173 5 Villa GroveDouglasGolden4-May12-May21-Jun1663 SullivanMoultrieGolden3-May16-May11-Jun1742 MarineMadisonGolden14-May19-May26-Jun2063 BellevilleSt. ClairGolden8-May20-May21-Jun2462 Dixon SpringPopeGolden7-May15-May18-Jun2292 Mean193 3.1

23. Sooty Blotch/Flyspeck Management, 2003 Orchard LocationSooty Blotch (% Fruit)Flyspeck (% Fruit) TownCountyStandardPredictedStandardPredicted MaltaDekalb00.700 SpeerMarshal0000 El PasoWoodford2.30.201.8 Champaign 12.88.813.76.7 UrbanaChampaign7.59.21.7 SidneyChampaign15.717.801.2 Villa GroveDouglas0000.05 SullivanMoultrie0000 MarineMadison3.73.31.22.8 BellevilleSt. Clair0000 Dixon SpringPope99.895.297.292.0

24. Incidence of Apple Diseases in Test Blocks, 2003 LocationTreatment Disease Incidence Fruit rot Powdery mildew RustScab LeavesFruitLeavesFruit MaltaStandard000000 Predicted000000 SpeerStandard000000 Predicted000000 El PassoStandard00000 TRACE Predicted00000 TRACE ChampaignStandard00 TRACE 00 Predicted00 TRACE 00 UrbanaStandard000000 Predicted000000 SidneyStandard0000 TRACE Predicted0000 TRACE

25. Incidence of Apple Diseases in Test Blocks, 2003 LocationTreatment Disease Incidence Fruit rot Powder y mildew RustScab LeavesFruitLeavesFruit Villa GroveStandard 00TRACE0 Predicted 00TRACE0 Sullivan Standard 000000 Predicted 000000 MarineStandard 00TRACE0SLIGHT Predicted 00TRACE0SLIGHT BellevilleStandard 000000 Predicted 000000 Dixon Spring Standard TRACE 0 Predicted TRACE 0

26. Management of Summer Diseases of Apples in Illinois in 2009 Orchard location Apple variety 1 st -cover spray 2 nd -cover (Traditional) 2 nd -cover (Wetness-B) Sprays saved (no) ChampaignGolden Del.28 May10 June9 July2 UrbanaGolden Del.14 May10 June20 August5 Alto PassGolden Del.29 April12 May19 June3 GraftonGolden Del.7 May19 May17 June2 MetamoraGolden Del.21 May7 June6 July2 PeoriaOzark Gold.29 May11 June12 August4 Hanna CityGolden Del.4 June24 June13 July2 QuincyGolden Del.18 May30 May10 July4 Average 3.0 (43%)

27. Apple Diseases in Illinois in 2009 Orchard location Treat- ment Incidence of Diseases Sooty B.FlyspeckFruit RotsScabRustPowdery M. Alto Pass Standard00SLIGHT0TRAC0 Predicted00SLIGHT0TRAC0 Champaign Standard00TRACE  50% 00 Predicted00TRACE  50% 00 Grafton Standard00SLIGHT5000 Predicted00SLIGHT000 Hanna City Standard000000 Predicted000000 Metamora Standard0000TRAC0 Predicted0000TRAC0 Peoria Standard000000 Predicted000000 Quincy Standard000000 Predicted000000 Urbana Standard000000 Predicted000000

28. Apple Diseases in Illinois During 2001-2009 YearNo of OrchardsSprays Saved [No. (%)] 200163.0 (43%) 200263.5 (50%) 2003113.1 (44%) 2004143.0 (43%) 200553.0 (43%) 200684.0 (57%) 200773.2 (46%) 200883.3 (47%) 200983.0 (43%) No. of Orchards: 22Average: 3.23 (46%)

29. Implementing the Disease-Warning System ________________________________________  Several growers are using the system  More growers every year  Insect-pest management is an obstacle  Old growers and computer use

30. Thank you