1. Mutability SWE 332 Fall 2015 Paul Ammann

2. SWE 3322 Data Abstraction Operation Categories Creators Create objects of a data abstraction Producers Create objects of their type based on existing objects Typically used in immutable data types Mutators Modify objects of their type Typically used in mutable data types Observers Take objects of their type as inputs and return results of other types

3. SWE 3323 Adequacy of a API Should provide enough operations so that users can manipulate objects conveniently and efficiently Should have at least three of the four category operations Should be fully populated Possible to obtain every possible abstract object state

4. SWE 3324 Some Examples Polynomials – We’ve already seen this Poly.java Complex numbers (pp 74-75 in Bloch) Complex.java Note use of producers instead of mutators

5. SWE 3325 Mutable/Immutable Transform Mutable Stack example in Bloch (page 56) Stack.java Goal: Transform to an immutable version ImmutableStack s = new ImmutableStack(); s = s.push(“cat”); s = s.push(“dog”); What do these objects look like?

6. SWE 3326 Mutator  Producer Consider a void mutator method in class C: public void mutator1(…) Corresponding producer method: public C producer1(…) Consider a non-void mutator method in class C: public S mutator2(…) Corresponding observer/producer methods are: public S observerPart(…) public C producerPart(…) Note that non-void mutator needs to be split into two methods. Example: pop() in Stack vs. pop(), top() in ImmutableStack

7. SWE 3327 Typical Transformation Typical method in mutable class Foo: public void foo(T1 t1, T2, t2, …) {modify “this”} Immutable version of Foo: public Foo foo(T1 t1, T2, t2, …) { Foo f = … … return f; } Functional programming vs. procedural programming.

8. SWE 3328 Disadvantage: Performance Typical approach: Provide immutable class Provide mutable companion class for situations where performance is an issue Clients choose on performance needs Example in Java Library: String (Immutable) StringBuilder (Companion Mutable Class) Static factories can cache frequently used items

9. SWE 3329 Caching Frequently Used Items Goals: Control creation of immutable objects Limit occurrence of given object to 0 or 1 Return existing object if possible, Else construct new object Flyweight Pattern Requires a table of existing items Table design is a key decision Requires hiding constructors Enables “fast” equals(), hashCode() Memory leakage may be an issue