1. Memory

2. What is memory? Memory is the process of encoding, storing, and retrieving information Memory is the process of encoding, storing, and retrieving information

3. Case Study on Memory H.M. was suffering from severe epileptic seizures H.M. was suffering from severe epileptic seizures Doctors decided to perform a surgery on the temporal lobe of his brain to help control the seizures Doctors decided to perform a surgery on the temporal lobe of his brain to help control the seizures

4. Case of H.M. Doctors and scientists know now that the temporal lobes of the brain hold important functions in memory, speech, and hearing Doctors and scientists know now that the temporal lobes of the brain hold important functions in memory, speech, and hearing Part of H.M’s hippocampus was removed Part of H.M’s hippocampus was removed As a result of the surgery, H.M. lost the ability store new information As a result of the surgery, H.M. lost the ability store new information Testing revealed H.M. could remember verbal information for up to 15 mins Testing revealed H.M. could remember verbal information for up to 15 mins

5. Classifications 3 kinds of memory Episodic = memory of specific events Episodic = memory of specific events –Example of explicit memory Semantic= memory of facts, words, concepts Semantic= memory of facts, words, concepts –Most of what we learn in school is semantic memory –Also explicit memory Implicit= implied or not clearly stated memory Implicit= implied or not clearly stated memory –Ex: learned habit or practiced skill

6. Memory Process Encoding Encoding Storage Storage Retrieval Retrieval

7. 1 st Encoding Humans and computers both encode. Encoding is processing information into a format in which it can be used. In encoding we human convert sensory stimulus into psychological formats that can be represented mentally

8. Codes

9. 2 nd Storage Storage = the maintenance of encoded information over a period of time Storage = the maintenance of encoded information over a period of time –Short-term –Long-term

10. How do we store information? Maintenance Rehearsal-uses repetition to store information Maintenance Rehearsal-uses repetition to store information –An example of a time you’ve used repetition to learn something new? Elaborative Rehearsal- fits new information into an organizational system Elaborative Rehearsal- fits new information into an organizational system –This is used in school and education usually –You may organize your knowledge by associated it with something else that reminds you of that information

11. 3 rd Retrieval Locating stored information and returning it to conscious thought Locating stored information and returning it to conscious thought Memory is “context-dependent”… Memory is “context-dependent”… –It can be retrieved more easily when the person is in a similar situation or environment as when they first learned that information “State-dependent” “State-dependent” –Information can be retrieved more easily when the person is in a similar emotional state as when the information was first learned

12. Understanding memory Understanding memory Understanding memory Understanding memory