2. Part V: How genes are regulated Chapter 15: Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes Chapter 16: Gene Regulation in Eukaryotes

3. Chapter 15: Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes

5. Gene activity is regulated primarily at the level of transcription

8. lactose operon (lac operon)

16. Structure of lactose operon

24. The action of CAP-cAMP complex in lac operon CAP ( catabolic gene activator protein) structure

25. cAMP and CAP (catabolite activator protein)

26. cAMP （饥饿信号） 细菌 哺乳类动物 激活 PK 与分解物基因激活物结 合的蛋白 （ catabolite gene activator protein,CAP ） 发挥作用 导致细胞内一系 列酶活性的改变

33. The general condition of regulation of gene expression in prokaryotes the change of environment positive regulation & negative regulation

34. negative regulation repressor of lac bind to operator Positive regulation CAP-cAMP complex

38. trytophan operon (Trp operon ) a. Structure mechanism of regulation *negative regulation of repressor the structure of repressor attenuation

40. Attenuator located in L gene,contains a  independent termination structure # the mechanism of attenuation

42. 大肠杆菌 低 Trp 培养基高 Trp 培养基 转录生成 6720 个 AA 的全长多 顺反子 mRNA 转录终止于 L 基 因 5’ 端 140 个 AA

53. These recognize only certain promoters and thus allow transcription of a select category of genes. Other global signals include cold and heat shock proteins that function to help the cell overcome temperature stress.

54. 53 Small RNAs (sRNA) ---Regulation of translation initiation and transcription termination by altering the accessibility of RBS and the formation of terminator, respectively. ---Regulation by base pairing with the targeted sequences on mRNAs 。 ---Acts in trans similar to miRNA, but does not require specific machinery for action.

55. Riboswitches are regulatory RNA elements that act as direct sensors of small molecule metabolites to control gene transcription or translation. ---Regulate translation initiation and transcription termination by altering the accessibility of RBS and the formation of terminator, respectively. ---Reside upstream of the targeted mRNA, and form specific structure to bind its small molecule ligand. ---Act in cis by alteration of its own structure upon the binding of the small metabolites.

56. 55 The structure of a riboswitch in its regulated mRNA

57. 56 代谢物 Control of transcription termination by a riboswitch Control of translation initiation by a riboswitch.

58. 57 Alteration of of the structure of the SAM riboswitch upon the binding of SAM (S-adenosyl methionine)

59. 58 The 2nd structures of 7 riboswitches and metabolites that they sense

60. Chapter 16: Gene Regulation in Eukaryotes

61. (1) character of regulation (2) activation of chromatin

62. cis- acting elements & trans – acting factors involved in gene regulation a. cis-acting elements * concept * type

65. Promoter & proximal upstream sequences according to its function of affecting to RNA pol far from the transcription site ： two kinds (-CAAT-,GC box) near the transcription site (TATA box)

67. inhancer concept character response elaments concept character

68. trans – acting factors * concept * structure bind to cis-element two domain activity domain

69. * the mechanism of its functure * modles of trans-acting factors # helix-turn helix structure helix---turn---helix (7-9A.A) (7-9A.A)

73. zinc-fingers structure character leucine –zipper structure character

78. # helix-loop-helix structure * The character & rule of trans-acting factors’ function