2. Biochemical Composition Evidence of Evolutionary Relationships

3. How is DNA related to vertebrate evolution? How does DNA encode the characteristics of an organism? In what different ways can mutations affect an organism? How can a simple mutation end up having a major effect on the phenotype of an organism? How do we use biotechnology to further our understanding of vertebrate evolution?

4. Levels of Organization

5. Levels of Genetic Organization

6. Macromolecules of Evolution A. Nucleic Acids - DNA and RNA 1.universal code (blueprints) for making proteins 2.inherited genetic information Nucleic acids are the instructions for making proteins, proteins make up traits, natural selection selects for traits that give organism more chances of surviving and reproducing.

7. Macromolecules of Evolution B. Proteins - determine physical traits 1.structure - materials for building cells 2.function - a. carry substances throughout the body, in & out of cells b. trigger muscle movements c. assist with all chemical reactions in the body d. protect the body against disease Nucleic acids are the instructions for making proteins, proteins make up traits, natural selection selects for traits that give organism more chances of surviving and reproducing..

8. Nucleic Acids A. Building Blocks of Nucleic Acids 1. Nucleotides 3 basic parts:    B. Nucleotides bond together to form Nucleic Acids 1.a phosphate group of one nucleotide attaches to the sugar of another nucleotide (covalent bond) 2.base pairing - bases bond with complimentary bases (hydrogen bond)

9. Nucleic Acids - DNA & RNA C. Two Basic Kinds of Nucleic Acids: 1.DNA - deoxyribonucleic acid a.shaped like a twisted ladder (double helix) b.contains genes - one gene makes one protein c.is inherited - from preceding generations (parents/ancestors) d.nitrogenous bases - adenine and thymine guanine and cytosine e.copies itself - undergoes replication to produce new DNA strandsreplication One nucleotide

10. Template DNA Strand Sequence: G T C T A C T T G Complementary DNA Strand Sequence: C A G A T G A A C Determine the sequence of the developing DNA strand! Nucleic Acids - DNA & RNA DNA Replication ( 1) A half of the DNA ladder is a template to make a copy of the whole (2) Occurs before cell division - mitosis or meiosis

11. Nucleic Acids - DNA & RNA 2.RNA - ribonucleic acid a.single strand of nucleotides b.decodes genes within the DNA to make proteins c.3 types: messenger, transfer, ribosomal d.nitrogenous bases - adenine and uracil, guanine and cytosine DNA Replication (continued) Play The Double Helix Game

12. IV. Differences Between DNA & RNA A. Sugars 1.DNA B. Number of strands 2.RNA C. BasesD. Location deoxyribose sugar ribose sugar double- stranded single- stranded A-T G-C A-U G-C in the nucleus in nucleus, cytoplasm & ribosome DNARNA

13. DNA  RNA  Protein  Trait V. Protein Synthesis A. The Connection: Nucleic Acids, Proteins & Traits

14. V. Protein Synthesis B.Transcription - the first phase of making a protein 1.a gene is copied 2.a half of the DNA ladder is a template to create mRNA Messenger RNA Sequence: C A G A U G A A C Determine the sequence of the developing messenger RNA strand! Template DNA Strand Sequence: G T C T A C T T G

15. V. Protein Synthesis C.Translation - the second phase of making a proteinTranslation 1.mRNA leaves the nucleus and travels to the ribosome 2.tRNA meets mRNA at the ribosome with the appropriate amino acids (building blocks of proteins) a 3-base sequence of mRNA (a codon) codes for a specific amino acid a 3-base sequence of tRNA (an anti-codon) bonds with a corresponding codon, delivering its amino acid 3.amino acids attach together (peptide bond) to form a polypeptide chain

16. Translation Use the codon chart to determine the amino acid sequence of the developing polypeptide chain! GluMetAsp peptide bond

17. VI. Proteins A. Building Blocks of Proteins 1.Amino Acids B.Amino Acids bond together to make Proteins 1.proteins differ due to the number, kind, sequence and arrangement of amino acids 2.amino acids are attached to one another by peptide bonds to form polypeptide chains 3.form determines function of a protein

18. C. Levels of Protein Structure 1. Polypeptide chains spontaneously arrange themselves into 3-dimensional structures to form functional proteins 1º - a straight chain of amino acids 2º - chains bend and twist 3º - twisted chain folds even more; bonds form to hold the 3-dimensional shape 4º - Several polypeptide chains in the tertiary structure come together. This is a functional protein!

19. 46 Chromosomes (23 pairs) approximately 25,000 genes = approximately 25,000 proteins 1 protein = approx. 500 amino acids 1 amino acid = 3 nucleotides 25,000 proteins x 1500 nucleotides = 37,500,000 nucleotides A. The Human Genome VII. Human Genes & Proteins If there are approx. 3,000,000,000 DNA base pairs on all 46 chromosomes, then… How much of our DNA codes for proteins? What do they call the rest of the DNA that does not code for proteins?