1. Chapter 27 Individual, Dual, and Adventure Sports and Activities 27 Individual, Dual, and Adventure Sports and Activities E. Michael Loovis C H A P T E R

2. Learning Objectives To understand the rules, procedural modifications, and adaptations used in sanctioned events for athletes with disabilities To understand how rules, procedures, and equipment can be adjusted to accommodate students with disabilities in physical education classes To understand how individuals with disabilities can be included in adventure activities To understand the subtle differences between elite athletes with disabilities and athletes who are not disabled and implications for inclusion

3. Wheelchair Tennis National Foundation of Wheelchair Tennis Wheelchair Tennis Players Association Wheelchair Tennis Committee of USTA USTA (governing body of wheelchair tennis)

4. Table Tennis—Adapted Equipment Ball-bearing feeder Bihandle paddle Strap-on paddle Table-tennis cuff Space ball net

5. Archery—Adapted Equipment Bow sling Amputee adapter device Bowstringer Elbow brace Vertical bow set

6. Archery—Amputee Adapter Device

7. Bowling—Adapted Equipment Handle-grip ball Attachable sleeve Stick bowling Ramps or chutes Adapter-pusher device

8. Fencing Normal court measurements—6 by 40 ft (1.8 by 12.2 m) For wheelchairs—8 by 20 ft (2.5 by 6 m) Circular court—15 to 20 ft (4.6-6 m) diameter

9. Horseback Riding— Adapted Equipment Adapted rein bar Humes rein Body harnesses Peacock stirrup Devonshire boot

10. Wrestling and Judo USADSF –Greco-Roman –Freestyle USABA –Men’s and women’s competitions –Judo competition

11. Athletics (Track and Field) Wheelchair and Ambulatory Sports, USA United States Association of Blind Athletes USA Deaf Sports Federation Special Olympics BlazeSports National Disability Sports Alliance Dwarf Athletic Association of America

12. Golf—Adapted Equipment Putter Finger Golf chirper Amputee golf grip Adapted golf carts

13. Powerlifting Clasp knife reflex

14. Cycling USADSF (via the U.S. Deaf Cycling Association) United States Handcycling Federation IBSA (USABA) –Tandem riding Pilot (front rider) Stoker (back rider) Special Olympics –Unified Sports cycling

15. Boccia DAAA Special Olympics Paralympic Games BlazeSports National Disability Sports Alliance

16. Adventure Activities Canoeing White-water rafting Kayaking Backpacking Rock climbing Mountain biking Mountain trekking Mountaineering

17. Wilderness Experiences for Individuals With Disabilities SPLORE—Special Populations Learning Outdoor Recreation and Education C.W. HOG—Cooperative Wilderness Handicapped Outdoor Group Wilderness Inquiry II BOEC—Breckenridge Outdoor Education Center Challenge Alaska Bradford Woods

18. Common Adventure Principle All participants engage in planning, decision making, expense, and execution of the experience, regardless of their ability levels.