1. Separation of Powers

2. What is the Separation of Powers? Each branch is able to place specified restraints on the powers exerted by the other branches. Prevents one branch from becoming supreme. Induces branches to cooperate Called checks and balances

3. What else? Procedural rules that allow one branch to limit another

4. Branches Legislative - congress Executive - president Judicial - courts

5. Legislative Writes and enacts laws Enacts taxes, authorizes borrowing, and sets the budget Usually has sole power to declare war May start investigations, especially against the executive branch Often appoints the heads of the executive branch Sometimes appoints judges Ratifies treaties

6. Executive Sometimes may veto laws May refuse to enforce certain laws (risking impeachment by the legislature) Wages war (has operational command of the military) Makes degrees or declarations (declaring a state of emergency) and promulgates lawful regulations and executive orders Often appoints judges Sometimes has power to grant pardons to convicted criminals

7. Judicial Determines which laws apply to any given case Determines whether a law is unconstitutional Has sole power to interpret the law and to apply it to particular disputes May nullify laws that conflict with a more important law or constitution Determines the disposition of prisoners Has power to compel testimony and the production of evidence Enforces uniform policies in a top-down fashion via the appeals process, but gives discretion in individual case to low-level judges May rule only in cases of an actual petitioners Polices its own members Is frequently immune to arbitrary dismissal by other branches