2. WHO DESERVES RIGHTS/FMS?

3. 2002, Germany is the first EU country to recognize animals as having ‘rights’ in its law Many countries grant basic rights to great ape species (UK, New Zealand) EU has banned the sale of animal tested cosmetics India bans dolphin shows on the basis of dolphins being non-human persons WHO DESERVES RIGHTS/FMS WHO DESERVES RIGHTS/FMS?

4. WHO DESERVES RIGHTS/FMS? Q1: WHAT RIGHTS? critical expierental Q2:WHAT IS THE CRITERIA? Cognitive capacities Types of interests Relationships (e.g. reciprocity)

5. WHO DESERVES RIGHTS/FMS? ETHICAL THEORYEXPLENATIONIMPLICATION FOR RIGHTS KANTTo rationally value something, one has to presuppose supreme value of one’s own rational capacity Sophisticated cognitive capacities- ability to think rationally CONTRACTUALSufficient capacity to enter agreements- since those with FMS are those to whom hypothetical agreements apply Sophisticated cognitive capacities + special relationships UTILITARIANInterests are enough, ability to expierence pleasure & pain Rudimentary cognitive capacity

6. What about those who don’t fit in FMS? It doesn’t mean they are meaningless- those without full moral status may still deserve some regard. What about the environment? Strong anthropocentrism: only human life has value Weak anthropocentrism: human beings are more important, but non-human life/environment is also important Englightened anthropocentrism: we should care about the environment, because we care about people Intrinsic value theory: non-human life is intrinsically valuable

7. Imagine there is a rare butterfly species held by butterfly collectors. They would benefit if their collections became more valuable in monetary terms. Is it morally acceptable to destroy the rare butterfly species so that this can happen? INTUITIVE EXAMPLE

8. ENVIRONMENTAL PHILOSOPHIES PROPERTARIAN WHAT IS IT 1.Property is good for the environment, when you don’t have it you face the tragedy of the commons, e.g. fisheries. CRITIQUE 1.The idea of ownership perpetuates anthropocentrism. 2.«Long term» in the perspective of a single human being is too short term in the perspective of humanity. 3.Human manegerial skills are poor.

9. ENVIRONMENTAL PHILOSOPHIES SHALLOW ECOLOGY WHAT IS IT The focus here is individual responsibility and changing lifestyles. CRITIQUE Fails to question the fundamental beliefs society has, anthropocentric. Ineffective. Uses up social, political and empathy capital that could be used for deep ecology.

10. ENVIRONMENTAL PHILOSOPHIES DEEP ECOLOGY WHAT IS IT Deep Ecology rejects the idea that an individual possesses a separate essence, because this radically separates humans from the rest of the world which leads to selfishness towards both other people and nature. CRITIQUE Feminists criticize the expanded- self idea on the basis that it gives reason to treat others in ways in which you like rather than treating others in the ways that they would like to be treated. Unrealistic utopian idea. 3rd world accuses it of preserving nature only for the elite.

11. WHO DESERVES RIGHTS/FMS? DO FUTURE HUMAN BEINGS DESERVE RIGHTS NOW? 1.You care actively depriving future generations of resources 2.Non-identity 3.Reciprocity/ special relationships 4.Lack of knowladge vs universal rights

12. ENVIRONMENT VS THE POOR FOR THE ENVIRONMENT 1.Nepal and Bangladesh have suffered from various environmental problems such as increasingly devastating floods, often believed to be resulting from large-scale deforestation. The poor are most disadvantaged by environmental damage (pollution & local industries) 2.The obligation we have towards the poor in our communities is no different than the obligation we have to people outside country borders, in the future and here and now. FOR THE POOR 1.People tomorrow are not as important as the people here and now. 2.Using people now to benefit someone else (maybe) in the future means you treat them as merely a means to an end. 3.EVEN IF we have an obligation to future generations, it is false to believe that harming poor communities doesn’t have an effect on future generations anyway.