1. Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2009 Operating System Concepts – 8 th Edition, Chapter 9: Virtual-Memory Management

2. 9.2 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2009 Operating System Concepts – 8 th Edition Chapter 9: Virtual-Memory Management Background Demand Paging Page Replacement Allocation of Frames Thrashing

3. 9.3 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2009 Operating System Concepts – 8 th Edition Objectives To describe the benefits of a virtual memory system To explain the concepts of demand paging, page-replacement algorithms, and allocation of page frames

4. 9.4 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2009 Operating System Concepts – 8 th Edition Background Virtual memory – separation of user logical memory from physical memory. Only part of the program needs to be in memory for execution Logical address space can therefore be much larger than physical address space Allows address spaces to be shared by several processes Allows for more efficient process creation Virtual memory can be implemented via: Demand paging Demand segmentation

5. 9.5 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2009 Operating System Concepts – 8 th Edition Virtual Memory That is Larger Than Physical Memory 

6. 9.6 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2009 Operating System Concepts – 8 th Edition Virtual-address Space

7. 9.7 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2009 Operating System Concepts – 8 th Edition Shared Library Using Virtual Memory

8. 9.8 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2009 Operating System Concepts – 8 th Edition Demand Paging Bring a page into memory only when it is needed Less I/O needed Less memory needed Faster response More users Page is needed  reference to it invalid reference  abort not-in-memory  bring to memory Lazy swapper – never swaps a page into memory unless page will be needed Swapper that deals with pages is a pager

9. 9.9 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2009 Operating System Concepts – 8 th Edition Transfer of a Paged Memory to Contiguous Disk Space

10. 9.10 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2009 Operating System Concepts – 8 th Edition Valid-Invalid Bit With each page table entry a valid–invalid bit is associated (v  in-memory, i  not-in-memory) Initially valid–invalid bit is set to i on all entries Example of a page table snapshot: During address translation, if valid–invalid bit in page table entry is I  page fault v v v v i i i …. Frame #valid-invalid bit page table

11. 9.11 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2009 Operating System Concepts – 8 th Edition Page Table When Some Pages Are Not in Main Memory

12. 9.12 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2009 Operating System Concepts – 8 th Edition Page Fault If there is a reference to a page, first reference to that page will trap to operating system: page fault 1. Operating system looks at another table to decide: Invalid reference  abort Just not in memory 2. Get empty frame 3. Swap page into frame 4. Reset tables 5. Set validation bit = v 6. Restart the instruction that caused the page fault

13. 9.13 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2009 Operating System Concepts – 8 th Edition Steps in Handling a Page Fault

14. 9.14 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2009 Operating System Concepts – 8 th Edition Page Replacement What happens if there is no free frame? The solution: Page replacement – find some page in memory, but not really in use, swap it out algorithm performance – want an algorithm which will result in minimum number of page faults Same page may be brought into memory several times

15. 9.15 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2009 Operating System Concepts – 8 th Edition Need For Page Replacement

16. 9.16 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2009 Operating System Concepts – 8 th Edition Basic Page Replacement 1. Find the location of the desired page on disk 2. Find a free frame: - If there is a free frame, use it - If there is no free frame, use a page replacement algorithm to select a victim frame 3. Bring the desired page into the (newly) free frame; update the page and frame tables 4. Restart the process

17. 9.17 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2009 Operating System Concepts – 8 th Edition Page Replacement

18. 9.18 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2009 Operating System Concepts – 8 th Edition Thrashing If a process does not have “enough” frames, the page-fault rate is very high. This leads to: low CPU utilization operating system thinks that it needs to increase the degree of multiprogramming another process added to the system Thrashing  a process is busy swapping pages in and out A process is thrashing if it is spending more time paging than executing.

19. Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2009 Operating System Concepts – 8 th Edition, End of Chapter 9