1. Treatment of faecal sludge From traditional to emergency to innovative approaches Webinar ViaWater, 18 February 2016 Jan Spit

2. Contents Definition Aim of FSM Design criteria Overview systems Discussion per system Webinar February 2016Faecal Sludge Treatment 2

3. Definition (Eawag) Faecal Sludge Management deals with the management of sludges from on-site sanitation systems, while wastewater management deals with sewered sanitation. Faecal sludge may be treated in separate treatment works or co-treated with sludges produced in wastewater treatment plants. Webinar February 2016Faecal Sludge Treatment 3

4. Aim FSM Produce safe sludge Free from pathogens Free from smell Safe to reuse Webinar February 2016Faecal Sludge Treatment 4

5. Survival rates & different temperature / time mechanisms (Kalbermatten) & Soil Viruses up to 6 months, generally < 3 months Bacteria up to 3 years, generally < 2 months Protozoa up to 10 days, generally < 2 days Helminths up to 10 years, usually < 1-2 years Faecal Sludge TreatmentWebinar February 2016 5

6. Control mechanisms Three main control mechanisms: Temperature: most pathogens die at 50 o C for 7 days pH: most pathogens die at pH 9 for 6 months Moisture: pathogens survive in moist conditions, so the lower the moisture content, the better Webinar February 2016Faecal Sludge Treatment 6

7. Coliform removal in different systems (source: Mara and Cairncross, 1987) Faecal Sludge TreatmentWebinar February 2016 7

8. Regular technologies 8 Source: STRAUSS & MONTANGERO (2002) Source: STRAUSS & MONTANEGRO 2004 Webinar February 2016Faecal Sludge Treatment

9. Complete overview Webinar February 2016Faecal Sludge Treatment 9

10. Mechanical systems Webinar February 2016Faecal Sludge Treatment 10

11. Chemical systems Webinar February 2016Faecal Sludge Treatment 11

12. Biological systems Webinar February 2016Faecal Sludge Treatment 12

13. Mechanical systems Webinar February 2016Faecal Sludge Treatment 13

14. Mechanical systems Webinar February 2016Faecal Sludge Treatment 14

15. Rottebehaelter / Compost Filter Webinar February 2016Faecal Sludge Treatment 15

16. Aerosan / Enviro Loo Webinar February 2016Faecal Sludge Treatment 16

17. Unplanted Sludge drying bed Webinar February 2016Faecal Sludge Treatment 17

18. Sludge drying bed (Eawag/ SSWM) Webinar February 2016Faecal Sludge Treatment 18

19. Planted Sludge drying bed Webinar February 2016Faecal Sludge Treatment 19

20. Planted Sludge drying bed Webinar February 2016Faecal Sludge Treatment 20

21. Webinar February 2016Faecal Sludge Treatment 21 Sedimentation

22. Sedimentation & Thickening Webinar February 2016Faecal Sludge Treatment 22

23. Sedimentation & Thickening Webinar February 2016Faecal Sludge Treatment 23

24. Dewatering Webinar February 2016Faecal Sludge Treatment 24

25. Dewatering Kigali Webinar February 2016Faecal Sludge Treatment 25

26. Drying and pelletizing Webinar February 2016Faecal Sludge Treatment 26

27. Drying and pelletizing (Durban) Webinar February 2016Faecal Sludge Treatment 27

28. Drying and pelletizing Webinar February 2016Faecal Sludge Treatment 28

29. Heat Steam injectionHeating Webinar February 2016Faecal Sludge Treatment 29

30. Chemical Webinar February 2016Faecal Sludge Treatment 30

31. Chemical Ammonia from urine Lime Webinar February 2016Faecal Sludge Treatment 31

32. 32 17 | 11 | 2015WP3 GA M46 Jan Spit THE TREATMENT KIT

33. UREA EXPERIMENTS - MALAWI 0% 1%3% Adequate Log Removal ( 3 Log removal) for E-coli observed between 4-8 days after addition of urea 2% Urea observed to be the most effective pH 9 – 9.5 Reactors must be sealed to ensure no ammonia gas escapes Next Phase – upscale to Bladder Experiments – to be conducted in 2 weeks High temperature can enhance treatment therefore effective use of sunlight will aid treatment

34. 34 17 | 11 | 2015WP3 GA M46 Jan Spit THE TREATMENT KIT

35. LIME EXPERIMENTS - MALAWI Small Scale 50L Drum Experiments pH Control - Addition of Hydrated Lime ( CaOH) with 10 minutes of intense mixing pH control more effective than %ds control - due to wide variation in the TS and buffering capacity of each of the sludges Above pH 10.2 reduction in E-coli concentration to <1000 CFU/100ml ( WHO limits) within 1 hour No distinct reduction in COD within 1 day ( COD varied between 50-150g/L ) No distinct reduction in TS or VS within 1 day ( TS 15% and VS 50%) Pit Latrine experiments to be conducted this week Further research and upscaling is required for a robust procedure to be established Control pH 7 pH 9pH 10 pH 11pH 12

36. 36 17 | 11 | 2015WP3 GA M46 Jan Spit THE TREATMENT KIT

37. Biological activity: digestion Webinar February 2016Faecal Sludge Treatment 37

38. Biological activity Webinar February 2016Faecal Sludge Treatment 38

39. Co-composting Webinar February 2016Faecal Sludge Treatment 39

40. Anaerobic digestion/Biogas Webinar February 2016Faecal Sludge Treatment 40

41. Flexigester Webinar February 2016Faecal Sludge Treatment 41

42. Borda Webinar February 2016Faecal Sludge Treatment 42

43. Bio-chemical Webinar February 2016Faecal Sludge Treatment 43

44. Terra Preta Webinar February 2016Faecal Sludge Treatment 44

45. Smart guys those Amazon Indians! from: Günther F. (2007). Carbon sequestration for everybody Webinar February 2016 45 Faecal Sludge Treatment

46. Ingredients: Faecal Sludge /Charcoal- stone dust/Lactic acid bacteria Webinar February 2016 46 Faecal Sludge Treatment

47. Lactic acid bacteria production (CAPS) Purchase EM, or Do-it-yourself: 1 litre water 1 kg molasses 150 ml Yakult 7 days fermentation 1:200 dilution Webinar February 2016 47 Faecal Sludge Treatment

48. Step 1 Mix sludge with charcoal  no odour! Stone dust Limestone Facultative: wood chips / garden refuse Webinar February 2016 48 Faecal Sludge Treatment

49. Step 2: Lacto Acid Fermentation Add Effective Micro- organisms or Lactic Acid for Lactic Acid fermentation (similar to silage): Anaerobic process (but aero tolerant) No gas, no loss CO2 and nutrients No odours High acidity  pathogens are killed Webinar February 2016 49 Faecal Sludge Treatment

50. Step 3: (Facultative for extra good soil) Vermicomposting Breakthrough in solids treatment at TUHH (BMBF / IPSWaT) Webinar February 2016 50 Faecal Sludge Treatment

51. Black soldier fly Webinar February 2016Faecal Sludge Treatment 51

52. Housefly Webinar February 2016Faecal Sludge Treatment 52

53. Housefly Webinar February 2016Faecal Sludge Treatment 53

54. Produits CONSORTIUM Comment et pourquoi ça marche ? Grâce à la Bio fixation sur un support minéral à fort pouvoir absorbant Webinar February 2016Faecal Sludge Treatment 54

55. Webinar February 2016Faecal Sludge Treatment 55

56. LICE Experiments UNHCR Webinar February 2016Faecal Sludge Treatment 56

57. Thank you! Jan Spit Jan.spit.delft@gmail.com www.waste.nl www.janspitcsdelft.nl Ph: +31-6-57-99-78-74 Webinar February 2016Faecal Sludge Treatment 57