1. The symbol is a service mark of Afton Chemical Corporation. Support for a Phosphorus Volatility Specification in GF-5 Report to ESCIT June 14, 2007 Greg H. Guinther

2. Support for Using PEI165-16 in GF-5 Afton supports the use of PEI165-16 in GF-5 to measure phosphorus volatility. Rationale:  Phosphorus volatility is a very simple, easy to measure property of engine oil that lends itself well to a bench test  Based around an existing, well established bench test (SELBY NOACK) Additional measurements: volatile collected mass, P conc.  PEI165 correlates with phosphorus retention  PEI165 correlates with catalyst poisoning  As an inexpensive bench test, it will promote the study and optimization of formulation effects

3. Benefits of the PEI 165-16 Bench Test Discriminating power is high. Oil performance differences can be easily separated with a minimal number of tests. Every base stock and vis grade can be tested during candidate data package development During core formulation development, base stock and component effects can be determined more readily, leading to better oils and “holistic” formulations aimed at improving emission system compatibility while still meeting all other category requirements

4. Repeatability and Discriminating Power of PEI 165-16 is good Nine pairs of oils, randomized testing, blind coded, tested at Savant. Good ability to inexpensively discriminate oil performance.

5. More information of Repeatability of PEI165-16 Precision is equivalent to 9-oil study on previous slide.

6. Afton Catalyst Test Comparing PEI165-16 and Increase in T50 Light-off Temperature Higher PEI165-16 leads to more degradation of catalyst light-off temperature. Keeping phosphorus in the oil is better for catalysts.

7. PEI165-16 Correlates Well with Phosphorus Retention As expected, PEI165 also correlates with phosphorus retention and catalyst poisoning In the Afton Catalyst Test, the catalyst is aged 240 hours. The oil is changed every 24-hours, so there are ten (10) 24-hour phosphorus retention measurements taken per test.

8. Engine Oil Phosphorus Volatility Conclusions The inexpensive PEI165-16 test adequately measures this basic property of engine oil with good precision and discriminating power. PEI165-16 will promote oils with better emission system compatibility Follows in the footsteps of other bench tests that replace or adequately predict the results from engines  Ball Rust Test for rust protection  ROBO for used-oil low temperature pumpability

9. The symbol is a service mark of Afton Chemical Corporation. Some cautions if the 20-Hour Sequence IIIG is selected for Phos Retention Based on real-world experience with the Afton Catalyst Test and Sequence IIIG

10. Considerations: Cost versus benefit  Extremely costly way to measure a single parameter that is easily measured on the bench  Ties up valuable testing resources that could be deployed in more useful ways  Prohibitive relative to bench test in terms of component effect and formulation development Complexity and variability  Dependent on Initial and EOT ICP measurement of P and Ca See following example Variability of the engine with the flush and run approach  The number of runs on engine (wear, deposits, oil consumption, blowby)  Oil carryover

11. Effect of ICP Variability on IIIG 20-Hr Phos Retention ElementInitial20-HourErrors Ca20002200 True values ofPR Difference P750700 new and used oil84.8% Ca20002150 EOT Ca LowPR P750700 86.8% 2.0% Ca20002250 EOT Ca HiPR P750700 83.0% -1.9% Ca21502200 Init Ca LowPR P750700 91.2% 6.4% Ca21502250 Init Ca Low andPR P750700 EOT Ca Hi89.2% 4.3% Ca20002200 EOT P LowPR P750650 78.8% -6.1% Ca20002200 EOT P HighPR P750 90.9% 6.1% Ca21502200 Init P an Ca LowPR P725700 94.4% 9.5% Small errors in ICP (25 – 50 ppm) have large impact on PR.

12. Sequence IIIG Reference Oil Data Phosphorus Retention Range by Oil Code Range is between 8.5 and 9.5% PR. Pooled Standard Deviation is 1.8% Outliers Not used

13. Expected Variability of PR20 in Sequence IIIG Based on Afton Catalyst Test Data Average Range is 6.7% PR. Standard Deviation is 2.0 Test oils are changed every 24 hours for ten days.

14. The symbol is a service mark of Afton Chemical Corporation. Afton Proposal to Combine Phosphorus Level and Volatility Combined Parameter Emission System Improvement Merit System

15. Afton Proposal to Combine Phosphorus Level and Volatility: Combined-Parameter Emission System Improvement Merit System Concept is to provide a means of improving catalyst system protection either by finished oil phosphorus content or phosphorus volatility or a combination of the two. Proposed analysis tool is a merit system that provides:  A specified merit weighting for P content and P volatility  A specified range for P content and P volatility  Ability to relate candidate performance to “best” and “worst” in class reference oils

16. Afton Combined-Parameter Emission System Improvement Proposal Combined Parameter Emission System Improvement Proposal MinimumAnchorMaximumAnchor Weight Phosphorus Content, wt %0.0600.0800.100500 (25/0.001) Calculated Weight of Phos Content10005000 (no-go fail) PEI165-16, mg/L305070500 (25/1.0 PEI) Calculated Weight of PEI Value10005000 (no-go fail) An example of a possible P merit system based on PEI165 Volatility: Equal merit weighting chosen for P content and P volatility. This can be changed depending on relative importance of one parameter over the other. Minimum, Anchor, and Maximum values chosen from “Low Impact” oil, Reference Oils, and Afton experience. This proposal would allow and encourage oils down to 0.06 wt% P content. Calculations: If candidate value equals the minimum, merit = 2x the weight If candidate value equals the anchor, merit = 1x the weight If candidate value equals the maximum, merit = 0x the weight If candidate value falls between two points, interpolate the merit value 1,000 merits minimum required for passing result

17. Example Data from Reference and Candidate Oils OilP Level, wt%PEI 165-16P Level MeritP Vol MeritTotal Merits TMC 4340.08058.6500328828 TMC 4350.08050.15005021002 TMC 4380.100High??0350FAIL P too high Low Impact0.075505135001013 Conventional0.0751005130FAIL PEI too high Cand 1 5W-300.06065500+500500-3751125 Cand 2 5W-300.07035500+250500+3751625 Cand 3 10W-300.09540500-375500+250875 This allows TMC 434 to be borderline fail and TMC 435 to be passing oil as desired by ESCIT. TMC 438 is by definition a failing oil due to 0.10 % P content. Similarly, “Low Impact” field test oil is also a pass by this proposal while the corresponding “conventional” oil is a fail. The example candidate oils show the impact of reduced P or increased PEI on MERIT. Fail – below 1000

18. Summary A Combined-parameter emission system improvement proposal provides a means of improving catalyst system protection by both finished oil phosphorus content and phosphorus volatility. Such a system provides:  A specified merit weighting for P content and P volatility  Specified ranges for P content and P volatility  Ability to relate candidate performance to “best” and “worst” in class reference oils