1. Chapter 38 War and Social Upheaval

2. JFK's New Frontier ●Young & Vibrant o Camelot ●Surrounded himself with the "best and brightest" o Robert Kennedy: Attorney General o Robert McNamara: Secretary of Defense ●New Frontier o Detente: easing of Cold War tensions o Peace Corps: Amerian do gooders go to undeveloped nations o "Ask not what your country can do for you: ask what you can do for your country."

3. JFK and the Moon ●Mercury Project (1959-1963) o US got astronauts into space and brought them back ●Gemini Project (1965-1966) o Longer orbits o Spacewalks ●Apollo Mission (1963-1972) o Landing men on the moon o 12 Americans walked on the moon

4. JFK's Foreign Policy ●Met with Khrushchev in Vienna in 1961 o Berlin Wall was constructed ●Military advisors sent to Vietnam o supported a coup of the South Vietnamese gov't ●Cuba o Bay of Pigs o Cuban Missile Crisis ▪This crisis led to JFK to move to a policy of Detente (easing of tensions)

5. JFK Assassination

6. Roles of US Presidents in Vietnam War President Eisenhower Domino Theory: if one country fell the whole region could fall President Nixon Peace With Honor: wanted to end the war, but the US had to save face President Johnson Escalation: turned Vietnam into a full blown war President Kennedy Advisors: “advisors” are sent to train the South Vietnamese Army and encouraged a coup in S. Vietnam in 1962

7. LBJ’s Election Over Goldwater & the Gulf of Tonkin Incident ●Election of 1964 ●Goldwater is portrayed as a trigger happy warmonger ●“In your guts you know he’s nuts” ●Attacked liberal policies like Social Security and Great Society programs ●Gulf of Tonkin Incident (1964) ●Johnson asked for authority to use force to defend American troops ●“For all I know they were shooting at whales.” ●Congress passed the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution ●Authorized the President to do whatever was necessary to defend American troops from future attacks ●Blank Check: Johnson could now do whatever he wanted in Vietnam ●“like grandma’s nightshirt- it covered everything”

8. Escalation of War ●Americans attacked in 1965 ●“Rolling Thunder” ●Goal: not to defeat the North, but to get them to stop fighting ●America gets pulled into an unwinnable conflict

9. "In 1972, nine-year-old Kim Phuc's village in Vietnam was hit by South Vietnamese bombers in an American-ordered attack. In one of the world's best-known photographs, Kim, who took a direct hit, is shown running naked down a road, screaming in agony from the napalm that covered her body. It took many years, and 17 operations, to save her life. In 1993, Kim defected to Canada in order to escape her past and take control of her life. Today, the mother of two, Kim has forgiven those who injured her and moved on."

10. Sinking Morale of the American Soldier ● Fighting a war no one at home cared ● Appeared that South Vietnamese were indifferent to the war ● “the American soldier was dying to defend a nation whose people were unwilling to die to defend themselves.” ● The Draft: brought unmotivated soldiers into the military ● Drug Use

11. Vietnam War Begins to Split America ● Hawks ● Supported war ● Stop Communism ● Doves ● Against the war ● Questioned it on moral and strategic grounds

15. Tet Offensive: Jan 1968 ●Massive attack by Vietcong to capture South Vietnamese cities ●Americans crushed the Vietcong ●Americans were dismayed ●Attack showed how far the enemy was from defeat ●Johnson concluded that the US cannot win this war, US will look to negotiate a withdrawal from Vietnam

16. My Lai Massacre- March 1968 ● American public found out in 1971 about massacre ● American troops had killed around 400 Vietnamese civilians ● Helped Anti-war movement

17. “Soldiers went berserk, gunning down unarmed men, women, children and babies. Families which huddled together for safety in huts or bunkers were shown no mercy. Those who emerged with hands held high were murdered.... Elsewhere in the village, other atrocities were in progress. Women were gang raped; Vietnamese who had bowed to greet the Americans were beaten with fists and tortured, clubbed with rifle butts and stabbed with bayonets. Some victims were mutilated with the signature "C Company" carved into the chest. By late morning word had got back to higher authorities and a cease-fire was ordered. My Lai was in a state of carnage. Bodies were strewn through the village.”

18. "I would say that most people in our company didn't consider the Vietnamese human.”

19. “It looks like a bloodbath down there! What the hell is going on?”

21. “I did not see anyone alive when we left the village.”

22. War Wears on LBJ "Hey, hey, LBJ, how many kids did you kill today?” "I shall not seek, and I will not accept the nomination of my party for another term as your President."

23. 1968... A very violent year Richard Nixon Hubert Humphrey George Wallace MLK & RFK are assassinated… Wallace leaves the Democratic Party and creates a 3 rd Party….

24. Nixon Won Easily…

25. Nixon’s Strategies ●Vietnamization ●Train South Vietnamese Military ●Pull out American troops as South Vietnamese take on more responsibility ●Peace with honor

26. Nixon Expanded War to Get North Vietnam to Peace Talks… ●Secret Bombing of Cambodia (1969) and invasion (1970) ●Gov’t swore that it wasn’t in Cambodia ●War Powers Act (1973) ●Congress attempted to reign in the power of the presidency “If, when the chips are down, the world’s most powerful nation, the United States of America, acts like a pitiful, helpless giant, the forces of totalitarianism and anarchy will threaten free nations… throughout the world.”

27. Cambodia Creates More Unrest… Kent State Shootings: 1970

28. Absolutely No More Support for Vietnam War ●1971 Poll showed 66% of Americans wanted the US out of Vietnam War even if it meant South Vietnam becoming Communist ●Pentagon Papers (1971) o American gov't was deliberately deceiving the American people ●Nixon used intense bombing of North Vietnam to bring them to the peace table o Vietnam War ended for the US in 1973

29. 26 th Amendment War Powers Act Loss of Confidence Soldiers get a poor welcome home Legacy Soldiers were called Baby Killers and spit on when they come home in airports We were humbled by enemy we thought was inferior… we became timid and now take war more seriously, we hesitate when we commit troops… President has to consult with Congress within 48 hrs of committing American troops into battle 18 year olds can now vote…

30. Sex, Drugs, & Rock n Roll ● Generation Gap ●Many hippies indulged in behavior intended to shock older Americans ●Public displays of nudity and profanity ● Many engaged in promiscuous sexual behavior and drugs ●Parents of Boomers/Hippies ●Lived frugally ●Lived through hard times ●Valued loyalty, authority, and had respect for their elders ●Listened to same music as parents ●Against premarital sex ● Boomers/Hippies ● Grew up in times of prosperity ● Embraced activism ● Distrust for tradition and authority ● Listened to Rock and Roll ● Ok with premarital sex

34. Hippie Sayings and Words Make love, not war. Hell no, we won't go. Screw the establishment. Never trust the man. Give peace a chance. Power to the People. Drop acid not bombs. Live and let live. Your mind is like a parachute, it doesn't work unless it's open. No one is free, even the birds are chained to the sky. I'll let you be in my dreams if I can be in yours. Yesterday's just a memory, tomorrow is never what it's supposed to be. Bring it home, daddy-o. Sock it to me. Outtasight ! Right on. Groovy. Go with the flow. Far out, man. Heavy Cat Watch the fro. Jump the lines, man

35. Importance of Music in the 1960’s ●Great Vietnam War Era Music ● The Beatles: All You Need is Love ● Jefferson Airplane: Go Ask Alice ● CCR: Fortunate Son ● Jimi Hendrix: Star Spangled Banner ● Crosby, Stills, Nash, & Young: Ohio ● John Lennon: War is Over