1. Practice Session 5 Java: Packages Collection Classes Iterators Generics Default Methods Anonymous Classes Generic Methods Lambdas Design by Contract JUnit

2. Java Packages What is Package? – Way to group related class(es) and interface(s) into one unit – Package is basically a folder. Benefits? – Code organization All classes/interfaces related to one topic, are put under same package name. – Allows us to resolve conflicts between class names By splitting the same name classes into two different packages. – Controlling class visibility protected classes are visible to other classes inside the package only Not visible to other packages, when imported.

3. Java Packages Declaration: – Declared at beginning of class file. – Syntax: package PackageName; Example: Folder: Package MyTest – Sub-folder: Package Outs1 File: Class Print1.java File: Class Print2java – Sub-folder: Package Outs2 File: Class Print1.java MyTest Outs1 Print1.java Print2.java Print1.java Outs2

4. Java Packages How to use them? – Use of absolute path of class: Example: MyTest.Outs1.Print1 p1; – Using import keyword: Import class: import MyTest.Outs1.Print1; Import all classes under package: import MyTest.Outs1.*; Object declaration: Print1 p1;

5. Java Collection What is it? – A (huge)package of classes: import java.util.Collection; – Contains useful data structures: LinkedList Stack ArrayList Vector TreeSet PriorityQueue And much more… Full API: http://docs.oracle.com/javase/6/docs/api/java/util/Collection.html

6. Collection Iterator All java.util.Collection data structures return an iterator to their elements. Iterator commands: – boolean hasNext() Returns true if there is a next element – Object next() Returns the next object element/advances the iterator – void remove() Optional operator / not all iterators implement it Removes the element returned by next

7. Using the Iterator Example: – Print all Collection object elements: Code: static void printAll (Collection coll) { Iterator iter = coll.iterator( ); //returns iterator while (iter.hasNext( )) { //checks if has next System.out.println(iter.next( ) ); //returns object } }

8. Default Methods – Java 1.8 Feature Default methods enable us to add new functionalities to interfaces without breaking the classes that implement that interface. Allows us to implement methods directly in the interface! We add default keyword before the access modifier of the method we wish to implement. This implementation will be the default implementation for all classes implementing this interface, and did not override it. Default methods tutorial: https://blog.idrsolutions.com/2015/01/java-8-default-methods-explained-5-minutes/

9. Default Method - Example Implementation of isEmpty() wil act as the default implementation for all implementing classes, as long as the class does not overwrite the implementation. If the same default method is implemented in two different interfaces, and our class extends both interfaces, we must overwrite the default method. interface Stack { void push(E something); E pop(); int size(); boolean isEmpty(); } interface Stack { void push(E something); E pop(); int size(); default boolean isEmpty(){ return (size())==0); }

10. Generics What are they? – Generic data structures are data structures that allows the use of any object type. – Explicitly declare what object type the data structure is going to use upon declaration, to help finding errors at compilation time. How? – java.util.Collection.Stack stk; Examples: – A Stack that holds Integer objects. java.util.Stack intStack; – A LinkedList holding Student objects: java.util.Collection.LinkedList studentList; Generics Information: https://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/collections/index.html

11. Generics Example Stack stackOfCows = new Stack () Stack stackOfInteger = new Stack () Cow cow = new Cow() stackOfCows.push(cow); stackOfInteger.push(cow);

12. Generic Methods – Java 1.8 Feature public class Cow { private int age; private int weight; public Cow(int age, int weight) { this.age = age; this.weight = weight; } public int getAge() { return age; } public int getWeight() { return weight; } Given an array of Cow objects what is the maximal object? Is it the heaviest cow? Maybe the oldest? It depends on how you want to compare the cows!

13. Generic Methods In addition to generic classes and interfaces Java also supports generic methods. Assume that we want to create a utility method for finding the largest item in an array, like before we can have arrays of Integers, Cows, and more. Let’s define a generic method!

14. Generic Methods Implementation Note the in front of the method signature which parametrize the method. public static T max(T[] array, Comparator comparator) { if (array.length == 0) throw new IllegalArgumentException("empty array"); int maxIndex=0; for (int i=1; i<array.length; i++) if (comparator.compare(array[maxIndex], array[i]) < 0) maxIndex = i; return array[maxIndex]; }

15. Using Generic Methods public static class CowComparatorByAge implements Comparator { public int compare(Cow o1, Cow o2) { return o1.getAge() - o2.getAge(); } public static class CowComparatorByWeight implements Comparator { public int compare(Cow o1, Cow o2) { return o1.getWeight() - o2.getWeight(); } public static void main(String[] args) { Cow[] cows = {new Cow(7,50), new Cow(9,200), new Cow(3,100)}; System.out.println(max(ints, new CowComparatorByWeight ()).getWeight()); // 200 System.out.println(max(cows, new CowComparatorByAge()).getAge()); // 9 }

16. Anonymous Classes Anonymous classes enable you to make your code more concise. מתומצת They enable you to declare and instantiate a class at the same time. They are like local classes except that they do not have a name. Use them if you need to use a local class once.

17. Anonymous Class Example In the previous example we implemented two classes: – CowComparatorByWeight – CowComparatorByAge And we have used them once! A good place to use anonymous classes here. public static void main(String[] args) { Cow[] cows = {new Cow(7,50), new Cow(9,200), new Cow(3,100)}; System.out.println(max(cows, new Comparator (){ public int compare(Cow o1, Cow o2) { return o1.getAge() - o2.getAge(); } }).getAge()); // prints 9 System.out.println(max(cows, new Comparator (){ public int compare(Cow o1, Cow o2) { return o1.getWeight() - o2.getWeight(); } }).getWeight()); // prints 200 }

18. Lambdas – Java 1.8 Feature Using anonymous classes to implement interfaces of one method only is an overkill. The syntax of such a class is not user friendly. Using lambdas, we can use lambdas instead of anonymous classes which provides easy to implement as well as to readable syntax. Full material: https://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/java/javaOO/lambdaexpressions.html

19. Lambda Advantages Allows writing a method in the same place to be used. Especially useful in places where a method is being used only once, and the method definition is short. Saves the effort of declaring and writing a separate method to the containing class. (arg1, arg2...) -> { body } (type1 arg1, type2 arg2...) -> { body }

20. Examples (int a, int b) -> { return a + b; } () -> System.out.println("Hello World"); (String s) -> { System.out.println(s); } () -> 42 () -> { return 3.1415 }; Guide: http://viralpatel.net/blogs/lambda-expressions-java-tutorial/

21. Cows Example – Using Lambda public static void main(String[] args) { Cow[] cows = {new Cow(7,50), new Cow(9,200), new Cow(3,100)}; System.out.println(max(cows, (Cow o1, Cow o2) -> { return o1.getAge() - o2.getAge(); }).getAge()); System.out.println(max(cows, (Cow o1, Cow o2) -> { return o1.getWeight() - o2.getWeight(); }).getWeight()); } public static void main(String[] args) { Cow[] cows = {new Cow(7,50), new Cow(9,200), new Cow(3,100)}; System.out.println(max(cows, new Comparator (){ public int compare(Cow o1, Cow o2) { return o1.getAge() - o2.getAge(); } }).getAge()); // prints 9 System.out.println(max(cows, new Comparator (){ public int compare(Cow o1, Cow o2) { return o1.getWeight() - o2.getWeight(); } }).getWeight()); // prints 200 } Anonymous Classes: Lambda:

22. Design by Contract(DBC) What? – An approach for designing software. – Expresses contract between specification and implementation. – An agreement between two parties: client and supplier. Why? – Trustworthy documentation. – Strong support for debugging. – Facilitate code reuse. Condition Types in DbC: – Preconditions Things that must be true before invoking a method No conditions on after invocation. – Postconditions Things that must be true after invoking a method No conditions on before invocation – Invariants things that must be true before and after any method is invoked Must be true immediately after construction.

23. Design by Contract Example public interface MyCollection { /** * Remove obj from the collection * * @require !( obj == null ) * * @ensure !contains( obj ) */ public void remove( Object obj ); Precondition disallows null argument. Postcondition varifies that method removes ALL occurrences of obj /** * @invariant size() >= 0 */ public interface Queue { Assures queue size >= 0 always!

24. Design by Contract Principles Separate queries from commands Separate basic queries from derived queries. For each derived query, write a postcondition that specifies what result will be returned, in terms of one or more basic queries. For each command, write a postcondition that specifies the value of every basic query. For every query and command, decide on a suitable precondition. Write invariants to define unchanging properties of objects.

25. PRINCIPLE 1: separate commands and queries public int size(); public Object head(); public boolean isEmpty(); public void add( Object o ); public void remove(); //just a command - no result Commands Queries

26. PRINCIPLE 2: separate basic queries and derived queries public boolean isEmpty(); -- we can derive isEmpty() from size() public int size(); public Object head(); Basic queries Derived queries The choice of basic queries can change as we develop contracts

27. PRINCIPLE 3: specify derived queries in terms of basic queries /** * Is the queue empty? * * @ensure return == ( size() == 0 ) */ public boolean isEmpty(); -- if we know the value of size(), we also know -- the value of isEmpty()

28. PRINCIPLE 4: specify postcondition for commands in terms of basic queries /** * The first element in the queue * * @require size() >= 1 * @ensure return == elements().get(0) */ public Object head(); postcondition uses basic query.get() for its implementation

29. PRINCIPLE 5: add preconditions where appropriate /** * The first element in the queue * * @require size() >= 1 */ public Object head(); It wouldn’t make the software better to pretend that an empty queue has a head element.

30. PRINCIPLE 6: specify invariant properties /** * @invariant size() >= 0 */ public interface Queue { Aim for properties that: - help readers build correct conceptual model

31. Junit - Assert methods Each assert method has parameters like these: message, expected-value, actual-value – assertTrue(String message, Boolean test) – assertFalse(String message, Boolean test) – assertNull(String message, Object object) – assertNotNull(String message, Object object) – assertEquals(String message, Object expected, Object actual) (uses equals method) – assertSame(String message, Object expected, Object actual) (uses == operator) – assertNotSame(String message, Object expected, Object actual) Assert methods dealing with floating point numbers get an additional argument, a tolerance. (for rounding) Each assert method has an equivalent version that does not take a message – however, this use is not recommended because: – messages helps documents the tests – messages provide additional information when reading failure logs

32. setUp/tearDown setUp()/tearDown() – Functions which will run before and after each test. – Example usage: setUp(): creating new objects tearDown(): clearing data, resetting data. – If self destruction is good enough, there is no need to implement it. setUpBeforeClass()/tearDownBeforeClass() – functions which will run exactly once before and after all the tests. – Can be used to initialize objects which will be used throughout the tests. – Changes done in first test, can be used as input data for the upcoming one.

33. Call order of the functions

34. JUnit tests for Counter class public class CounterTest { Counter counter1; public CounterTest() { } // default constructor @Before protected void setUp() { // creates a (simple) test fixture counter1 = new Counter(); } @Test public void testIncrement() { assertTrue(counter1.increment() == 1); assertTrue(counter1.increment() == 2); } @Test public void testDecrement() { assertTrue(counter1.decrement() == -1); } } Note that each test begins with a brand new counter This means you don’t have to worry about the order in which the tests are run

35. Junit - Example Interface: package spl.util; /** * All objects are of type T. Contents are ordered in Last-In-First-Out order. */ public interface Stack { /** * add the object at the top of the stack. (This is a command.) * @param obj * any non null T object to be added to the stack * @pre: none. * @post: this.isEmpty()==false * @post: this.pop(); this==@pre(this) * @post: this.pop()== @param obj */ void push(T obj);

36. /** * remove the top object from the stack and returns it. * @return the topmost object on the stack * @throws Exception in case the stack is empty * @pre: this.isEmpty()== false; * @post: none. */ T pop() throws Exception; /** * @return True if the Stack is empty, or False if the Stack contains at * least one {@link Object}. * @pre: none. * @post: none. */ boolean isEmpty(); }

37. Create Class StackImpl package spl.util; public class StackImpl implements Stack { public void push(T obj) { } public T pop() throws Exception { return null; } public boolean isEmpty() { return false; }

38. Creating a Test Case package spl.util; import static org.junit.Assert.*; import org.junit.After; import org.junit.Before; import org.junit.Test; public class StackImplTest { Stack stack; @Before public void setUp() throws Exception { this.stack = new StackImpl (); } @After public void tearDown() throws Exception { } Before -> run before each test After-> run after each test

39. @Test public void testPush() { fail("Not yet implemented"); } @Test public void testPop() { fail("Not yet implemented"); } @Test public void testIsEmpty() { assertEquals(true, stack.isEmpty()); } What happens when we run the tests? All 3 tests fail: -testPush and testPop because the methods are not implemented. -testIsEmpty since isEmpty returns false, even though the stack is empty.

40. Add implementation to isEmpty() to pass the tests. Implement other tests and add the implementation of the methods they test to pass them. Change the interface to include public void remove() and public T top() in addition to pop(), and implement pop() using remove and top, to separate queries from commands. And so on….