1. Our Current Understanding of Human Demographic History and Migrations NeandertalModern Homo Sapiens

2. Africa: the Ancestral Homeland of Modern Humans Africans have the largest amount of haplotypes Earliest modern human fossils are found in Africa

3. Main Models of Modern Human Evolution Multiregional Model

4. Main Models of Modern Human Evolution Recent African Origin (RAO)

5. Multiregional and RAO Compared RAO Multiregional

6. Evidence Supporting Multiregional Ancient fossils show a continuous morphological transition to modern humans Continuous evolution could be achieved through high levels of gene flow between geographically isolated populations.

7. Evidence Supporting RAO 1.Molecular Markers 2.Phylogenetic trees 3.Anthropological

8. Molecular Markers 1. Africa has the greatest amount of haplotypes. 2. Coalescent analysis shows a population bottleneck for European and Asian populations 3. Coalescent times of Europeans are short.

9. Phylogenetic Trees mtDNA NPY Identification of SNPs in mtDNA and NPY allows for reconstruction of phylogenetic relationships.

10. Anthropological Evidence for RAO The earliest modern Homo sapiens skeletons come from Africa and are not found elsewhere until 50,000-60,000 years later.

11. The migration of modern Homo sapiens