3.  Great Britain – invaded and settled many times Ancient people called Iberians Celts (kelts) Romans Angles and Saxons Vikings Normans  Today’s “English” comes from all these invasions

4.  Bravery in battle  Bards or scops (poets) used to elevate heroes of the tribes; very important  Faith in God to intervene positively with fate  Influence of old pagan religion  Warfare!

5.  Amassing a fortune in battle  Reverence for womanhood --- precursor to chivalry --- is expected  Openhanded hospitality  Truth is highly cherished virtue  Great love for personal freedom

7.  Had rights until Norman Conquest (1066)  Inherited and held property  After married, still retained control over own property  Prospective husband had to offer a woman a substantial gift of money and land; woman had control over this gift  Christianity offered opportunities for women

8.  Loyal dependency  Wyrd – fate; the idea that you die when you die, that no one sings your song  Sacrifice of self for one’s king/leader

9.  Love of glory was a ruling motive  Allegiance to the king/lord is cherished and demanded  Reverence for womanhood  Great love for personal freedom  Sentiments are usually suppressed

10.  Reflected juxtaposition of the Church and pagan world  Lines do not rhyme  Each line has four beats (rhythm); line is divided into 2 halves, each half having 2 beats  Each line has a pause (caesura) after 2 nd beat

11.  Kennings – phrases that are an elaborate and indirect way of naming person, things, or events Example – the sea is called “the pathless deep” or “the whale’s road”  Alliteration  Tendency toward didacticism or instruction

12.  A kenning is a literary device in which a poetic phrase substitutes for a noun. In the best kennings, one element of the phrase will create a striking, unexpected comparison.  AS Examples: sky-candle (the sun) battle sweat (blood) helmet bearers (warriors) giver of gold (king) dwelling place (home) storm of swords (battle)

13. Listed below are some modern kennings. Can you find examples of striking imagery, alliteration, consonance, rhyme, and assonance among them? Can you identify the concept each kenning represents? 1. gas guzzler 2. muffin top 3. rug rat 4. land line 5. eye candy 6. cancer stick 7. couch potato

14. 1. gas guzzler – a vehicle that has poor gas mileage ( alliteration, striking imagery) 2. muffin top – extra skin at the top of a pair of too- tight jeans (striking imagery) 3. rug rat – a mischievous child (alliteration, striking imagery) 4. land line – a traditional telephone (alliteration) 5. eye candy – a person or thing with visual appeal but little substance (striking imagery) 6. cancer stick – a cigarette (striking imagery)) 7. couch potato – a person who gets little exercise (assonance and striking imagery)

15.  With a partner (or alone), create five kennings. Be sure to include poetic qualities.  Don’t share your kennings with others. The class will try to guess your kennings when everyone finishes.  Must be school appropriate!

16.  In pairs (or alone), create 5 multiple- choice questions from the notes you took today.  You must have 4 choices (A, B, C, D)  Only one choice can be obviously wrong (funny)  You can write these on the back on your kennings assignment.  Circle the correct answer.

17.  A man is alone, cast out, left to wander in search of a new lord  Lost his lord --- the complete collapse of his entire world  Has no purpose, no more friends, no more hopes of enjoying treasures, no one to feast with, no one to pledge loyalty to  Begins by asking the Lord for understanding and compassion during his exile at sea; cannot avoid see bc it is his fate  Recalls hardships  Ends with advice – look to God for comfort

18.  Look for AS poetic devices (kennings, alliteration, caesuras)  Remember – starts out as someone wandering around without friends, but turns into a lesson on wisdom  Consider the AS culture and what is important to them; what is their livelihood?