2. Chapter Objectives Describe how the Nile River influenced Egyptian civilization and the reasons a united government arose along its banks. Discuss government and religion during the Old Kingdom. Analyze the accomplishments of the Middle and New Kingdoms. Describe the Nubian kingdom south of Egypt. Ancient Egypt

4. Settling the Nile Earliest Egyptians moved into the Nile River valley from less fertile areas. The Nile River- longest river in the world, about 4,000 miles long. (pages 39–40) Farmed and built villages along the riverbanks. Egyptians used the Nile River for many things. The Nile Valley

5. Settling the Nile (cont.) Used water to drink, clean, farm, and cook. The Nile valley is a narrow, green valley in Egypt. They ate fish from the river. The northern end of the valley is a fertile area of land called a delta. The Nile Valley (pages 39–40)

6. Settling the Nile (cont.) Sahara Desert = west of the Nile Valley. Egypt's natural borders: Eastern Desert = east of the valley. deserts, rapids of the Nile, and marshes in the delta The Nile Valley (pages 39–40)

7. Settling the Nile (cont.) Mediterranean Sea to the north and Red Sea to the east = trade with other peoples. People traveled on the Nile to trade with each other. The Nile Valley (pages 39–40)

8. The River People Floods along the Nile: predictable and not devastating. (pages 41–42) Each spring the Nile would flood and leave a dark, fertile mud along its banks. Farmers learned about the waters of the Nile. They used the soil left behind by the floods to grow wheat, barley, and flax seeds. The Nile Valley

9. The River People (cont.) Farmers learned about irrigation. They dug basins to trap floodwaters, dug canals to channel water to the fields, and built dikes to strengthen the basin walls. Papyrus, a reed plant that grew along the Nile, was used to make baskets, sandals, and river rafts. Later, it was used to make paper. The Nile Valley (pages 41–42)

10. The River People (cont.) The Egyptian system of writing was called hieroglyphics. This system consisted of thousands of picture symbols. Some Egyptian men learned to read and write. They attended schools to learn to be scribes. The Nile Valley (pages 41–42)

11. A United Egypt Because the people in Egypt had surplus food, some people became artisans instead of farmers. (pages 43–44) Artisans wove cloth, made pottery, carved statues, and crafted weapons and tools. Egyptians traded with each other and with others in Mesopotamia. A few strong chiefs united groups of villages into kingdoms. The Nile Valley

12. A United Egypt (cont.) Strongest kingdoms overpowered weaker ones. Two large kingdoms emerged—Lower Egypt and Upper Egypt. Narmer united the 2 kingdoms. Ruled from the city of Memphis. His kingdom lasted long after his death. The Nile Valley (pages 43–44)

13. A United Egypt (cont.) Narmer’s descendants passed the ruling power on from father to son to grandson, forming a dynasty. Ancient Egypt was ruled by 31 dynasties that historians have grouped into three time periods—Old Kingdom, Middle Kingdom, and New Kingdom. The Nile Valley (pages 43–44)

14. Early Egyptian Life Ancient Egypt had social classes. (pages 45–46) The pharaoh was the highest power. The upper class consisted of nobles, priests, and government officials. The middle class included merchants, artisans, shopkeepers, and scribes. Farmers were the largest group of people and were in a lower class than the middle class. The Nile Valley

15. Early Egyptian Life (cont.) Unskilled workers were the lowest class of people in ancient Egypt. The Nile Valley (pages 45–46)

16. Early Egyptian Life (cont.) Although men were the heads of households, women had more rights in Egypt than in other ancient civilizations. They could own and pass on property, buy and sell goods, make wills, and obtain divorces. The Nile Valley (pages 45–46)

17. Early Egyptian Life (cont.) Few children went to school in ancient Egypt. Children had time to play games and had toys. Girls learned to sew, cook, and run a household. Boys learned farming or a skilled trade. The Nile Valley (pages 45–46)

18. Old Kingdom Rulers Pharaohs were all-powerful Egyptian kings who guided every activity in Egypt. Pharaohs appointed officials to carry out their commands. Old Kingdom lasted from about 2600 B.C. until about 2300 B.C. (page 48) Egyptian people served pharaohs because they believed the kingdom depended on one strong leader. Egypt’s Old Kingdom

19. Old Kingdom Rulers (cont.) The thought pharaohs were gods on earth. They also believed the pharaohs were the sons of Re, the sun god. (page 48) Egypt’s Old Kingdom

20. Egypt’s Religion These deities controlled every human activity and all natural forces. Egyptians believed in many gods and goddesses, or deities. (pages 49–50) The major god was Re, the sun god. Another major god was Hapi, who ruled the Nile River. Egypt’s Old Kingdom Isis was the most important goddess.

21. Egypt’s Religion (cont.) The Book of the Dead contained a collections of spells that Egyptians believed they needed to enter the afterlife. Egyptians believed in life after death. Egyptians believed only pharaohs and a few elite people could have life after death. Egypt’s Old Kingdom (pages 49–50)

22. Egypt’s Religion (cont.) To protect the pharaoh’s body after death, Egyptians developed an embalming process. During the process, the body’s organs were removed. Egypt’s Old Kingdom (pages 49–50) The body was treated with spices and oils and then wrapped with strips of linen.

23. Egypt’s Religion (cont.) Egypt’s Old Kingdom The wrapped body was called a mummy. (pages 49–50) They also set broken bones and stitched cuts. Egyptian doctors were the first doctors to specialize in different areas of medicine, and they wrote the world’s first medical book. Egyptian doctors used herbs and drugs to treat illnesses.

24. The Pyramids Egyptians built pyramids to protect the bodies of dead pharaohs. (pages 50–52) The pyramids also contained items the pharaohs might need in the afterlife. A pyramid took thousands of people and years of labor to build. Egypt’s Old Kingdom

25. The Pyramids (cont.) Egyptians used astronomy and mathematics to create the pyramids. Egypt’s Old Kingdom To build a pyramid, Egyptians first selected a site. Then, they searched for stone. The artisans cut the stone into blocks, and other workers tied the stone to sleds and pulled them to the Nile. (pages 50–52)

26. The Pyramids (cont.) Egypt’s Old Kingdom (pages 50–52)

27. The Pyramids (cont.) At the river, workers loaded the stones onto barges and floated them to the site. There, the blocks were unloaded and dragged or pushed up ramps. While studying the skies to create pyramids, Egyptians created the 365- day calendar that became the basis for our calendar today. Egypt’s Old Kingdom (pages 50–52)

28. The Pyramids (cont.) The Great Pyramid is the largest pyramid in Egypt. It was built for King Khufu and is located near the city of Cairo. Egypt’s Old Kingdom (pages 50–52)

29. The Middle Kingdom Pharaohs lost control of Egypt in about 2300 B.C. At that time, a new dynasty of pharaohs created a capital at Thebes. This began the Middle Kingdom, a time of stability, prosperity, and achievement. (pages 60–61) Egypt took control of other lands and forced conquered people to send tribute, or forced payments. The Egyptian Empire

30. In this way, Egypt increased its riches. The Middle Kingdom (cont.) During the Middle Kingdom, the arts, literature, and architecture blossomed. The Middle Kingdom ended when the Hyksos attacked and conquered Egypt. The Hyksos ruled until around 1500 B.C., when the Egyptian prince Ahmose led a revolt to drive the Hyksos out of Egypt. The Egyptian Empire (pages 60–61)

31. The Middle Kingdom (cont.) This artwork with gold inlay from the Middle Kingdom period shows a funeral boat. The Egyptian Empire (pages 60–61)

32. The New Kingdom Hatshepsut was one of the few women to rule Egypt. (pages 61–62) Trade grew during Hatsheput’s reign. Traders exchanged beads, tools, and weapons for ivory, wood, leopard skins, and incense. Trade made Egypt wealthier. During the New Kingdom period, Egypt grew richer and more powerful. The Egyptian Empire

33. The New Kingdom (cont.) Thutmose conquered more lands, and Egypt grew richer from tributes. Thutmose III became pharaoh after Hatshepsut’s death. Slavery became common in Thutmose’s reign. Slaves had some rights. They could own land, marry, and eventually obtain freedom. The Egyptian Empire (pages 61–62)

34. The Legacies of Two Pharaohs Amenhotep felt priests were gaining too much power. Amenhotep IV came to power in 1370 B.C. (pages 64–65) He introduced a new religion with only one god. Priests who did not follow the new religion were removed from power. The Egyptian Empire

35. He did not act when the Hittites attacked Egypt. Amenhotep became so devoted to his new religion that he neglected his other duties. As a result, Egypt’s empire greatly diminished. The Legacies of Two Pharaohs (cont.) Most Egyptians refused to accept the new religion. The Egyptian Empire (pages 64–65)

36. In A.D. 1922, a British archaeologist found King Tut’s grave. He ruled for only nine years before his death. The Legacies of Two Pharaohs (cont.) Tutankhamen, now called King Tut, was a boy ruler who took power after Akhenaton died. The Egyptian Empire (pages 64–65)

37. Temples were used for services. During Ramses’s rule, many temples were built throughout Egypt. (pages 65–67) The End of the New Kingdom Ramses II was one of the most effective pharaohs of the New Kingdom. Most Egyptians prayed at home because they believed the temples were houses for the gods and goddesses. The Egyptian Empire

38. Beginning in the 900s B.C., Egypt was ruled by the Libyans, then the people of Kush, and finally the Assyrians. Egypt was attacked by neighboring groups and eventually controlled only the Nile delta. The End of the New Kingdom (cont.) After Ramses’s rule, Egyptian rule began to decline. The Egyptian Empire (pages 65–67)

39. Nubia The region of Nubia, later known as Kush, was located south of Egypt on the Nile River. (pages 69–70) The first people to arrive in Nubia were cattle herders, who grazed their herds on the savanna. A savanna is a grassy plain. Later, farmers settled in villages in Nubia. The Civilization of Kush

40. Nubia (cont.) More powerful Nubian villages took control of weaker ones, and the kingdom of Kerma was created. People of Kerma traded with the Egyptians, and Kerma became wealthy. The kings of Kerma were buried in tombs like the Egyptian pharaohs. The Civilization of Kush (pages 69–70)

41. Nubia (cont.) Egypt invaded Kerma, and after 50 years of war, Kerma was defeated. During Egyptian rule, the people of Kerma adopted many of the Egyptian ways. The Civilization of Kush (pages 69–70)

42. The Rise of Kush Nubians broke away from Egypt and formed their own kingdom called Kush. (pages 70–72) The Kushite kings ruled from the city of Napata, which was located along the upper Nile. This location helped the Kush people become important traders, and Kush grew wealthy. The Civilization of Kush

43. The Rise of Kush (cont.) A king named Kashta and his son, Piye conquered Egypt in 728 B.C. The Assyrians later invaded Egypt and forced the Kushites out. The Kushites learned iron working from the Assyrians. The Kushites were the first Africans to become iron workers. The Civilization of Kush (pages 70–72)

44. The Rise of Kush (cont.) Kush moved the ruling city south to the city of Meroë, farther away from the Assyrians. Meroë became an important center of trade and iron working. Kushite kings rebuilt Meroë to look like Egypt, with pyramids and temples. The Civilization of Kush (pages 70–72)

45. The Rise of Kush (cont.) Axum invaded Meroë and burned it to the ground. Kush eventually declined in power, and the kingdom of Axum rose up. The Civilization of Kush (pages 70–72)

46. Section 1: The Nile Valley Focusing on the Main Ideas Ancient Egypt By 5000 B.C., Egyptian civilization arose in the fertile Nile River valley, where natural barriers discouraged invasions. The Egyptians depended on the Nile’s floods to grow their crops. Around 3100 B.C., Egypt’s two major kingdoms, Upper Egypt and Lower Egypt, were combined into one. Egyptian society was divided into social groups based on wealth and power.

47. Section 2: Egypt’s Old Kingdom Egypt was ruled by all-powerful pharaohs. The Egyptians believed in many gods and goddesses and in life after death for the pharaohs. The Egyptians of the Old Kingdom built huge stone pyramids as tombs for their pharaohs. Focusing on the Main Ideas Ancient Egypt

48. The Middle Kingdom was a golden age of peace, prosperity, and advances in the arts and architecture. During the New Kingdom, Egypt acquired new territory and reached the height of its power. Section 3: The Egyptian Empire Focusing on the Main Ideas Ancient Egypt

49. Section 3: The Egyptian Empire Akhenaton tried to change Egypt’s religion, while Tutankhamen is famous for the treasures found in his tomb. Under Ramses II, Egypt regained territory and built great temples, but the empire fell by 1150 B.C. Focusing on the Main Ideas Ancient Egypt

50. Section 4: The Civilization of Kush To the south of Egypt, the Nubians settled in farming villages and became strong warriors. The people of Kush devoted themselves to ironworking and grew wealthy from trade. Focusing on the Main Ideas Ancient Egypt

52. __ 1.area of fertile soil at the end of a river __ 2.reed plant used to make baskets, rafts, and paper __ 3.grassy plain __ 4.rapids __ 5.Egyptian writing system __ 6.forced payments __ 7.title for Egyptian leaders Review Vocabulary A.savanna B.tribute C.cataract D.delta A.hieroglyphics B.pharaoh C.papyrus G A Define Match the vocabulary word that completes each sentence. D B C E F Ancient Egypt

53. Section 1 The Nile Valley What natural barriers protected Egypt from invasion? deserts, cataracts in the Nile, and delta marshes Review Main Ideas Ancient Egypt

54. What factors divided Egyptians into social groups? wealth and power Section 1 The Nile Valley Review Main Ideas Ancient Egypt

55. Section 2 Egypt’s Old Kingdom What were the Egyptians’ religious beliefs? They believed in many gods and goddesses and in an afterlife. Review Main Ideas Ancient Egypt

56. Where did Egyptians of the Old Kingdom bury their pharaohs? They buried pharaohs in large tombs, often in pyramids. Section 2 Egypt’s Old Kingdom Review Main Ideas Ancient Egypt

57. Section 3 The Egyptian Empire Why was the Middle Kingdom called a golden age? It was a time of prosperity, the empire was strong, and advances were made in the arts and architecture. Review Main Ideas Ancient Egypt

58. Why are Akhenaton and Tutankhamen well-known? Akhenaton tried to change Egypt’s religion. Tutankhamen’s tomb was found with many treasures. Section 3 The Egyptian Empire Review Main Ideas Ancient Egypt

59. Section 4 The Civilization of Kush Where did the Nubians live? The Nubians lived on the Nile in present-day Sudan. Review Main Ideas Ancient Egypt

60. What made the Kushites wealthy? Trade and iron gave them superior weapons and better farming tools. Section 4 The Civilization of Kush Review Main Ideas Ancient Egypt

61. Describe Identify the four social groups in ancient Egypt, and explain who belonged to each group. Top: pharaoh and royal family; Upper class: priests, army commanders, and nobles; Middle class: traders, artisans, shopkeepers, and other skilled workers; Lower class: unskilled workers and farmers. Ancient Egypt

62. Synthesize How do you think religious leaders reacted to Akhenaton’s changes? Religious leaders probably resisted because Akhenaton’s changes would result their loss of power and would challenge their belief systems. Ancient Egypt

63. Analyze Do you agree that Egyptian civilization can be called “the Gift of the Nile”? Explain. Answers will vary, but you should note how much Egyptians relied on the Nile. Ancient Egypt

64. Compare In what ways did Meroë look like an Egyptian city? Meroë had small pyramids, a huge temple at the end of a grand avenue lined with sculptures, and decorated walls. Ancient Egypt

66. Explore online information about the topics introduced in this chapter. Click on the Connect button to launch your browser and go to the Journey Across Time Web site. Click on Chapter 2-Chapter Overviews to preview information about this chapter. When you finish exploring, exit the browser program to return to this presentation. If you experience difficulty connecting to the Web site, manually launch your Web browser and go to http://www.jat.glencoe.com

67. Maps Ancient Egypt c. 3100 B.C. Egyptian Kingdoms Kush Kingdom c. 250 B.C. Chart Comparing Mesopotamia to Egypt Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding slides.

68. Click the map to view an interactive version.

72. After developing their method of papermaking using papyrus, the Egyptians kept the process secret, so others could not make paper. In this way, papyrus became even more valuable. The Nile Valley

73. Myths are stories people use to understand nature and their place in the world. Egyptian mythology was based on nature; the sky, sun, stars, and moon; and the Nile River. Egypt’s Old Kingdom

74. The city of Thebes contains more than 60 tombs. One of the first archaeological digs in Thebes occurred in 1816. Four archaeological expeditions are currently at work in the area. The Egyptian Empire

75. The upper class in ancient Egypt had indoor bathrooms, though they did not have running water. The Civilization of Kush

76. What Do You Predict? Learn It! Reading Social Studies A prediction is a guess based on what you already know. Making predictions before you read can help you understand and remember what you read. How do you make predictions? Read the Main Ideas on the next slide. They were taken from the opening page of Section 2 on page 47 in your textbook. Use these main ideas to make predictions about what you will read in this chapter.

77. What does “life after death” mean? Predict what the term “all- powerful” means. Egypt was ruled by all- powerful pharaohs. The Egyptians believed in many gods and goddesses and in life after death for the pharaohs. The Egyptians of the Old Kingdom built huge stone pyramids as tombs for their pharaohs. —from page 47 Can you predict what tools the Egyptians used to build the pyramids? Reading Social Studies

78. Making Predictions Practice It! Read the paragraph from Chapter 2 on page 37 of your textbook. Make at least one prediction about each of the main ideas. Write down each prediction. Then, as you read this section, decide if your predictions were correct. Reading Social Studies

79. Ancient Egypt Introduction

80. The Nile Valley

81. Egypt’s Old Kingdom

82. The Egyptian Empire

83. The Civilization of Kush

84. Hymn to the Nile

85. Selecting a New King

86. Focus on Everyday Life Harvesting wheat and turning it into bread was vital to the ancient Egyptians. Some people were full-time farmers, but many others were drafted by the government to help during busy seasons. The process began as men cut the wheat with wooden sickles and women gathered it into bundles. Animals trampled the wheat to separate the kernels from the husks. The grain w was then thrown into the air so the wind w would carry away the lightweight seed c coverings. Finally, the grain was stored I in silos for later use. From Farming to Food

87. Focus on Everyday Life Turning grain into bread was a long process. Women ground the grain into flour, then men pounded it until it became very fine. For the wealthy, seeds, honey, fruit, nuts, and herbs were added to the dough for flavor. Unfortunately, it was almost impossible to keep small stones and sand out of the flour. As a result, many Egyptians developed tooth decay as these particles wore down their tooth enamel. From Farming to Food

88. Focus on Everyday Life The government drafted people to help during the busy seasons. 1.How did the government ensure that enough people were available to harvest the wheat? 2.Why do you think seeds, fruit, and other additives were reserved for the wealthy? Those additives might have been expensive or hard to obtain.

89. Hatshepsut Ramses II Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding biography.

90. Reigned 1503–1482 B.C. Hatshepsut

91. Reigned 1279–1213 B.C. Ramses II Statue of Ramses II holding an offering table. Coffin of Ramses II

92. Daily Focus Skills Transparency 2–1 Chapter 2

93. Daily Focus Skills Transparency 2 – 2 Chapter 2

94. Daily Focus Skills Transparency 2 – 3 Chapter 2

95. Daily Focus Skills Transparency 2 – 4 Chapter 2

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