1. NEUROMUSCULAR AND SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION D. C. Mikulecky Professor of Physiology http://views.vcu.edu/~mikuleck/

2. TWO TYPES OF SYNAPSE ELECTRICAL CHEMICAL

3. ELECTRICAL GAP JUNCTION: PROVIDES PATH FOR IONS TO FLOW FROM ONE CELL TO ANOTHER CELL 1 CELL 2

4. TYPES OF CHEMICAL SYNAPSES DISCRETE DIFFUSE

5. DISCRETE SYNAPSES

6. DIFFUSE SYNAPSES

7. CHEMICAL: THE SYNAPSE INCOMING NERVE POST SYNAPTIC NERVE SPACE

8. EVENTS IN CELLULAR COMMUNICATION INPUT SIGNAL (CHEMICAL,MECHANICAL, PHOTO, ELECTRICAL) RESPONSE (OUTPUT) SECRETION CONTRACTION/RELAXATION DIVISION PHAGOCYTOSIS RECEPTOR TRANSDUCER EFFECTOR ENZYMES,GENOME,CONTRACTILE FILAMENTS, SECRETORY GRANULES

9. HOW ARE WE WIRED?CONNECTIONS BETWEEN NERVE CELLS CELL BODY DENDRITES AXON HILLOCK AXON TERMINALS

10. THE NATURE OF CHEMICAL TRANSMISSION BETWEEN NERVES PRESYNAPTIC EVENTS POSTSYNAPTIC EVENTS IN THE SPACE

11. PRESYNAPTIC EVENTS THE ALL OR NONE ACTION POTENTIAL TRIGGERS THE RELEASE OF CHEMICAL TRANSMITTER

12. INCOMING ACTION POTENTIAL DEPOLARIZES TRIGGERS CALCIUM CHANNELS CALCIUM ENTERS THE CELL

13. THE SYNAPSE SYNAPTIC VESSICLES INCOMING ACTION POTENTIAL CALCIUM CHANNEL ION CHANNEL RECEPTOR ENZYME

14. THE SYNAPSE: INCOMING ACTION POTENTAL SYNAPTIC VESSICLES INCOMING ACTION POTENTIAL CALCIUM CHANNEL ION CHANNEL RECEPTOR ENZYME

15. CALCIUM INFLUX CAUSES VESSICLES TO BE RELEASED VESSICLES MIGRATE TO MEMBRANE EXOCYTOSIS NEUROTRANSMITTER ENTERS SPACE

16. THE SYNAPSE: CALCIUM CHANNELS OPEN SYNAPTIC VESSICLES INCOMING ACTION POTENTIAL CALCIUM CHANNEL ION CHANNEL RECEPTOR ENZYME

17. THE SYNAPSE: NEUROTRANSMITTER ENTERS SPACE SYNAPTIC VESSICLES CALCIUM CHANNEL ION CHANNEL RECEPTOR ENZYME

18. POST SYNAPTIC EVENTS IONOTROPIC (LIGAND GATED) CHANNELS VOLTAGE GATED CHANNELS ELECTROPHYSIOLOGICAL PRINCIPLES

19. IONOTROPIC CHANNELS BIND NEUROTRANSMITTER OPEN CHANNEL HYPER OR DE-POLARIZATION

20. THE SYNAPSE:NEUROTRANSMITTER BINDS TO POSTSYNAPTIC RECEPTOR SYNAPTIC VESSICLES CALCIUM CHANNEL ION CHANNEL RECEPTOR ENZYME

21. HOW ARE WE WIRED?CONNECTIONS BETWEEN NERVE CELLS CELL BODY DENDRITES AXON HILLOCK AXON TERMINALS

22. POSTSYNAPTIC POTENTIALS RESTING POTENTIAL IPSP EPSP TIME

23. SPATIAL SUMMATION TIME SIMULTANEOUS INPUT FROM TWO SYNAPSES: ABOVE THRESHOLD

24. SPATIAL SUMMATION TIME SIMULTANEOUS INPUT FROM TWO SYNAPSES: ABOVE THRESHOLD

25. TEMPORAL SUMMATION TIME TOO FAR APART IN TIME: NO SUMMATION

26. TEMPORAL SUMMATION TIME CLOSER IN TIME: SUMMATION BUT BELOW THRESHOLD THRESHOLD

27. THE GOLDMAN-HODGKIN-KATZ (GHK) EQUATION [Ko] +  [Nao] Vm = 60 LOG -------------------------- [Ki] +  [Nai]  IS THE RATIO OF SODIUM TO POTASSIUM PERMEABILITY

28. TEMPORAL SUMMATION TIME STILL CLOSER IN TIME: ABOVE THRESHOLD

29. EPSP-IPSP CANCELLATION

30. HOW EXCITATION OCCURS-THE ROLE OF DEPOLARIZATION AND HYPERPOLARIZATION SUMMATION CAN DEPOLARIZE THE CELL BEYOND THRESHOLD HYPERPOLARIZATION BLOCKS

32. NEURO TRANSMITTERS ACETYL CHOLINE DOPAMINE NOREPINEPHRINE EPINEPHRINE SEROTONIN HISTAMINE GLYCINE GLUTAMINE GAMMA- AMINOBUTYRIC ACID (GABA)

33. IN THE SPACE ENZYME “CHEWS UP” LIGAND MASS ACTION CAUSES LIGAND TO DISSOCIATE FROM RECEPTOR

34. THE SYNAPSE SYNAPTIC VESSICLES CALCIUM CHANNEL ION CHANNEL RECEPTOR ENZYME

35. THE SYNAPSE SYNAPTIC VESSICLES CALCIUM CHANNEL ION CHANNEL RECEPTOR ENZYME