1. The Semantic Web Week 16 Knowledge Engineering – Real Example Module Website: http://scom.hud.ac.uk/scomtlm/chs2533 Practical this week: Protégé-2000 WITH OWL

2. FAROAS - A Case Study involving Aircraft Separation Criteria Shanwick Oceanic Area segment1 segment2

3. Requirements / Benefits Creating a Formal Specification of ATC conceptualisation => Precise, Unambiguous representation of Safety Related concepts Strong basis for future software contracts Strong basis for prototype software tools

4. Knowledge Sources Training Manuals Operational Manuals Existing software tools Existing Software Documentation ATC personnel

5. Example of Separation Requirement Paragraph 3.6.4.1 of the Manual of Air Traffic Services, Part 2, Section 3 - separation standards states: “For subsonic aircraft, the minimum longitudinal separation between turbojet aircraft, meeting the MNPS, and operating wholly or partly in MNPS airspace, shall 10 minutes, provided that …….ETC”

6. The FAROAS Project contract research from NATS Ltd: n encoded part of the requirements of a system that is to maintain separation between aircraft over the Atlantic Ocean in an expressive, structured logic n The kernel of this specification was written in about 500 logic axioms and is called the CPS n A validation environment was built around the CPS and helped “debug” it

7. CPS Expert Visual Inspection Automated Syntax Checking Automated Reasoning Automated Translation to Executable Software Batch Testing Simulation -an ATC requirements statement DETECT BUGS Opportunities for bug detection in a Formal Model

8. CPS Auto-generated CPS lp [(one_or_both_of Segment1 and Segment2 are_flown_at_subsonic_speed) & ( the_Aircraft_on(Segment1) and the_Aircraft_on(Segment2) meet_mnps) & ( the_Aircraft_on(Segment1) and the_Aircraft_on(Segment2) are_jets & (the_Profile_containing(Segment1) & the_Profile_containing(Segment2) are_wholly_or_partly_in_the_ mnps_airspace) ] => [(the_basic_min_longitudinal_sep _Val_in_mins_required_for Segment1 and Segment2) = 10 …. ETC the_basic_min_longitudinal_sep_Val_ in_mins_required_for(Segment1,Seg ment2,10):- are_subject_to_oceanic_cpr(Segmen t1,Segment2), both_are_flown_at_supersonic_spee d(Segment1,Segment2), (both_are_flown_at_the_same_mach_nu mber_in_level_flight(Segment1,Seg ment2) ; the_Aircraft_on_segment(Segment1, Aircraft1), the_Type_of(Aircraft1,Type1), the_Aircraft_on_segment(Segment2, Aircraft2), the_Type_of(Aircraft2,Type2), Type1=Type2, are_cruise_climbed(Segment1,Segme nt2) ),.. ETC

9. Major Outcome of FAROAS n Validation and Maintenance of Complex Models (Ontologies? Domain theories? Formal Specifications? KBs?) require automated tool support to identify bugs and help remove them. n Such “models” are not written like programs to allow systematic testing but are designed to decrease the semantic gap between model and what is modelled. n See http://scom.hud.ac.uk/scomtlm/faroas.html