1. Anatomy of the Nervous System

2. I. Cells

5. 4. Transmit information to target cell (neuron, muscle, gland) Four functions of neurons 1. Receive and integrate inputs 2. Generate a nerve impulse (action potential) 3. Conduct the action potential dendrites, soma axon hillock axon nerve terminals

6. Dendrites and cell body Receive and integrate inputs Axon hillock and initial segment Generate action potentials Axon Conducts action potential Terminals Synaptic transmission

7. Conducts action potential Axon hillock Generates action potential Transmit to target cell receives and integrates inputs

11. Classifications of Neurons 1. Function 2. Structure 3. Shape 4. Effect 5. Axon length 6. Neurochemical identity

12. Classifications of Neurons 1. Function a. sensory neurons b. motoneurons c. interneurons

13. Classifications of Neurons 1. Function 2. Structure a. unipolar b. bipolar c. multipolar

17. 100μm B A

18. Classifications of Neurons 1. Function 2. Structure 3. Shape e.g., pyramidal, stellate, basket, granule, etc.

21. Classifications of Neurons 1. Function 2. Structure 3. Shape 4. Effect a. excitatory neurons b. inhibitory neurons

22. Classifications of Neurons 1. Function 2. Structure 3. Shape 4. Effect 5. Axon length a. projection neurons (Golgi Type I) b. local neurons (Golgi Type II)

23. Classifications of Neurons 1. Function 2. Structure 3. Shape 4. Effect 5. Axon length 6. Neurochemical identity e.g., cholinergic, dopaminergic, GABAergic, etc.

24. Classifications of Neurons 1. Function 2. Structure 3. Shape 4. Effect 5. Axon length 6. Neurochemical identity

25. Types of glial cells 1.Astrocytes 2.Microglia 3.Oligodendroglia 4. Schwann cells

26. Types of glial cells 1.Astrocytes a. mechanical support b. metabolic support transport nutrients and wastes c. encapsulate synapses d. regulate chemical and ionic environment e. form scar tissue f. act as phagocytes

28. Types of glial cells 1.Astrocytes 2.Microglia a. act as phagocytes b. part of brain’s immune system

30. Types of glial cells 1.Astrocytes 2.Microglia 3.Oligodendroglia myelinate axons of central nervous system

33. Types of glial cells 1.Astrocytes 2.Microglia 3.Oligodendroglia 4. Schwann cells myelinate axons of peripheral nervous system

36. II. Gross Anatomy

40. Rostral toward the nose Caudal toward the tail Dorsal toward the back Ventral toward the belly Medial toward the midline Lateral away from the midline Proximal near a point of reference Distal distant from a point of reference Directional Terms

41. Afferent projecting toward Efferent projecting away from Ipsilateral on the same side Contralateral on the opposite side Directional Terms

42. Planes of Section Coronal or frontal perpendicular to the neuraxis perpendicular to ground apply only to brain Sagittal parallel to neuraxis perpendicular to ground midsagittal = axis of symmetry Horizontal parallel to ground parallel to neuraxis applies only to brain Transverse perpendicular to neuraxis applies to brain and spinal cord Oblique any section not in a standard plane

50. (intermediate gray)

52. A. Cervical spinal cord B. Thoracic spinal cord C. Lumbar spinal cord D. Lumbo-sacral spinal cord

53. Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) Sympathetic division (arousal) Parasympathetic division (maintenance)

56. Prosencephalon = diencephalon + telencephalon Mesencephalon = tegmentum + tectum Rhombencephalon = metencephalon (pons, + cerebellum) + myelencephalon (medulla)