Slide 9-1

Slide 9-2 Chapter 9 Plant Assets, Natural Resources, and Intangible Assets Financial Accounting, IFRS Edition Weygandt Kimmel Kieso

Slide Describe how the cost principle applies to plant assets Explain the concept of depreciation Compute periodic depreciation using different methods Describe the procedure for revising periodic depreciation Distinguish between revenue and capital expenditures, and explain the entries for each Explain how to account for the disposal of a plant asset Compute periodic depletion of extractable natural resources Explain the basic issues related to accounting for intangible assets Indicate how plant assets, natural resources, and intangible assets are reported. Study Objectives

Slide 9-4 Plant Assets Determining the cost of plant assets Depreciation Revaluation of plant assets Expenditures during useful life Plant asset disposals Natural Resources Intangible Assets Statement Presentation and Analysis PresentationAnalysis Accounting for intangibles Types of intangibles Research and development costs Plant Assets, Natural Resources, and Intangible Assets Accounting for extractable natural resources Financial statement presentation

Slide 9-5 “Used in operations” and not for resale. Long-term in nature and usually depreciated. Possess physical substance. Plant assets include land, land improvements, buildings, and equipment (machinery, furniture, tools). Major characteristics include: Section 1 – Plant Assets Referred to as property, plant, and equipment; plant and equipment; and fixed assets.

Slide 9-6 Section 1 – Plant Assets Illustration 9-1 Percentages of plant assets in relation to total assets

Slide 9-7 Includes all costs to acquire land and ready it for use. Costs typically include: Land Determining the Cost of Plant Assets (1)purchase price; (2)closing costs, such as title and attorney’s fees; (3)real estate brokers’ commissions; (4)costs of grading, filling, draining, and clearing; (5)assumption of any liens, mortgages, or encumbrances on the property. SO 1 Describe how the cost principle applies to plant assets.

Slide 9-8 Illustration: Illustration: Assume that Hayes Manufacturing Company acquires real estate at a cash cost of $100,000. The property contains an old warehouse that is razed at a net cost of $6,000 ($7,500 in costs less $1,500 proceeds from salvaged materials). Additional expenditures are the attorney’s fee, $1,000, and the real estate broker’s commission, $8,000. The cost of the land is $115,000, computed as follows. Required: Required: Determine amount to be reported as the cost of the land. Determining the Cost of Plant Assets SO 1 Describe how the cost principle applies to plant assets.

Slide 9-9 Land Required: Required: Determine amount to be reported as the cost of the land. Determining the Cost of Plant Assets SO 1 Describe how the cost principle applies to plant assets. Cash price of property of $100,000 Net removal cost of warehouse of $6,000 Attorney's fees of $1,000 1,000 6,000 $100,000 $115,000Cost of Land Real estate broker’s commission of $8,000 8,000 Land115,000 Cash115,000 Journal Entry

Slide 9-10 All expenditures necessary to make the improvements ready for their intended use. Land Improvements Determining the Cost of Plant Assets Driveways, parking lots, fences, landscaping, and underground sprinklers. Limited useful lives. Expense (depreciate) the cost of land improvements over their useful lives. SO 1 Describe how the cost principle applies to plant assets.

Slide 9-11 All costs related directly to purchase or construction. Buildings Purchase costs: Purchase price, closing costs and real estate broker’s commission. Remodeling and replacing or repairing the roof, floors, electrical wiring, and plumbing. Construction costs: Contract price plus payments for architects’ fees, building permits, and excavation costs. Determining the Cost of Plant Assets SO 1 Describe how the cost principle applies to plant assets.

Slide 9-12 All costs incurred in acquiring the equipment and preparing it for use. Costs typically include: Equipment purchase price, sales taxes, freight and handling charges, insurance on the equipment while in transit, assembling and installation costs, and costs of conducting trial runs. Determining the Cost of Plant Assets SO 1 Describe how the cost principle applies to plant assets.

Slide 9-13 Illustration: Illustration: Assume Merten Company purchases factory machinery at a cash price of $50,000. Related expenditures are for sales taxes $3,000, insurance during shipping $500, and installation and testing $1,000. Determine amount to be reported as the cost of the machinery. Determining the Cost of Plant Assets SO 1 Describe how the cost principle applies to plant assets. Machinery Cash price Sales taxes Insurance during shipping 500 3,000 $50,000 $54,500Cost of Machinery Installation and testing 1,000

Slide 9-14 Answer on notes page

Slide 9-15 Process of cost allocation, not asset valuation. Applies to land improvements, buildings, and equipment, not land. Depreciable, because the revenue-producing ability of asset will decline over the asset’s useful life. Depreciation is the process of allocating the cost of tangible assets to expense in a systematic and rational manner to those periods expected to benefit from the use of the asset. DepreciationDepreciation SO 2 Explain the concept of depreciation.

Slide 9-16 Factors in Computing Depreciation Cost DepreciationDepreciation SO 2 Explain the concept of depreciation. Useful LifeResidual Value Illustration 9-6

Slide 9-17 Objective is to select the method that best measures an asset’s contribution to revenue over its useful life. Examples include: Depreciation Methods (1)Straight-line method. (2)Units-of-Activity method. (3)Declining-balance method. DepreciationDepreciation SO 3 Compute periodic depreciation using different methods.

Slide 9-18 Illustration: Barb’s Florists purchased a small delivery truck on January 1, Required: Compute depreciation using the following. (a) Straight-Line (b) Units-of-Activity (c) Declining Balance. DepreciationDepreciation SO 3 Compute periodic depreciation using different methods. Illustration 9-7

Slide 9-19 Straight-Line DepreciationDepreciation SO 3 Compute periodic depreciation using different methods. Expense is same amount for each year. Depreciable cost - cost of the asset less its residual value. Illustration 9-8

Slide 9-20 DepreciationDepreciation SO 3 Compute periodic depreciation using different methods. Illustration: (Straight-Line Method) 2011$ 12,00020%$ 2,400 $ 10, ,000202,4004,8008, ,000202,4007,2005, ,000202,4009,6003, ,000202,40012,0001, Journal Entry Depreciation expense 2,400 Accumulated depreciation2,400 Illustration 9-9

Slide 9-21 Companies estimate total units of activity to calculate depreciation cost per unit. Expense varies based on units of activity. Depreciable cost is cost less residual value. Units-of-Activity DepreciationDepreciation SO 3 Compute periodic depreciation using different methods. Illustration 9-10

Slide 9-22 DepreciationDepreciation Illustration: (Units-of-Activity Method) ,000$ 0.12$ 1,800 $ 11, , ,6005,4007, , ,4007,8005, , ,00010,8002, , ,20012,0001,000 Depreciation expense 1,800 Accumulated depreciation 1, Journal Entry Illustration 9-11 SO 3 Compute periodic depreciation using different methods.

Slide 9-23 Decreasing annual depreciation expense over the asset’s useful life. Declining-balance rate is double the straight-line rate. Rate applied to book value. Declining-Balance DepreciationDepreciation SO 3 Compute periodic depreciation using different methods. Illustration 9-12

Slide 9-24 DepreciationDepreciation Illustration: (Declining-Balance Method) ,00040%$ 5,200 $ 7, ,800403,1208,3204, ,680401,87210,1922, ,808401,12311,3151, , *12,0001,000 * Computation of $674 ($1,685 x 40%) is adjusted to $685. Depreciation expense 5,200 Accumulated depreciation5, Journal Entry Illustration 9-13

Slide 9-25 SO 3 Compute periodic depreciation using different methods. Comparison of Methods DepreciationDepreciation Illustration 9-14 Illustration 9-15

Slide 9-26 Depreciation is a process of: a. valuation. b. cost allocation. c. cash accumulation. d. appraisal. Review Question DepreciationDepreciation SO 3 Compute periodic depreciation using different methods.

Slide 9-27 The following four slides are included to illustrate the calculation of partial-year depreciation expense. The amounts are consistent with the previous slides illustrating the calculation of depreciation expense. Depreciation for Partial Year SO 3 Compute periodic depreciation using different methods.

Slide 9-28 Illustration: Barb’s Florists purchased a small delivery truck on October 1, SO 3 Compute periodic depreciation using different methods. Depreciation for Partial Year Required: Compute depreciation using the following. (a) Straight-Line (b) Units-of-Activity (c) Declining Balance. Illustration 9-7

Slide 9-29 Depreciation for Partial Year SO 3 Compute periodic depreciation using different methods. Illustration: (Straight-line Method)

Slide 9-30 Illustration: (Units-of-Activity Method) ,000$ 0.12$ 1,800 $ 11, , ,6005,4007, , ,4007,8005, , ,00010,8002, , ,20012,0001,000 Depreciation expense 1,800 Accumulated depreciation 1, Journal Entry Illustration 9-12 Depreciation for Partial Year SO 3 Compute periodic depreciation using different methods.

Slide 9-31 Illustration: (Declining-Balance Method) Depreciation for Partial Year SO 3 Compute periodic depreciation using different methods.

Slide 9-32 Tax laws often do not require the taxpayer to use the same depreciation method on the tax return that is used in preparing financial statements. Many corporations use straight-line in their financial statements to maximize net income. At the same time, they use an accelerated-depreciation method on their tax returns to minimize their income taxes. Depreciation and Income Taxes DepreciationDepreciation SO 3 Compute periodic depreciation using different methods.

Slide 9-33 Revising Periodic Depreciation Accounted for in the period of change and future periods (Change in Estimate). Not handled retrospectively. Not considered error. DepreciationDepreciation SO 4 Describe the procedure for revising periodic depreciation.

Slide 9-34 Illustration: Assume that Barb’s Florists decides on January 1, 2014, to extend the useful life of the truck one year because of its excellent condition. The company has used the straight-line method to depreciate the asset to date, and book value is $5,800 ($13,000 - $7,200). Questions: 1.What is the journal entry to correct the prior years’ depreciation? 2.Calculate the depreciation expense for No Entry Required DepreciationDepreciation SO 4 Describe the procedure for revising periodic depreciation.

Slide 9-35 DepreciationDepreciation Depreciation expense 1,600 Accumulated depreciation 1,600 Journal entry for 2014 SO 4 Describe the procedure for revising periodic depreciation. Book value, 1/1/14 $5,800 Residual value Depreciable cost Useful life (revised) / Annual depreciation First, establish Book Value at the date of change in estimate. - 1,000 4,800 3 years $ 1,600 Illustration 9-17

Slide 9-36 When there is a change in estimated depreciation: a. previous depreciation should be corrected. b. current and future years’ depreciation should be revised. c. only future years’ depreciation should be revised. d. None of the above. Review Question DepreciationDepreciation SO 4 Describe the procedure for revising periodic depreciation.

Slide 9-37 IFRS allows revaluation of plant assets to fair value If revaluation is used, it must be applied to all assets in a class of assets. Assets that are experiencing rapid price changes must be revalued on an annual basis, otherwise less frequent revaluation is acceptable. Revaluation of Plant Assets SO 4 Describe the procedure for revising periodic depreciation.

Slide 9-38 Illustration: Illustration: Pernice Company applies revaluation to plant assets with a carrying value of $1,000,000, a useful life of 5 years, and no residual value. Pernice makes the following journal entries in year 1, assuming straight-line depreciation. Depreciation expense200,000 Accumulated depreciation200,000 Revaluation of Plant Assets SO 4 Describe the procedure for revising periodic depreciation. After this entry, Pernice’s plant assets have a carrying amount of $800,000 ($1,000,000 - $200,000).

Slide 9-39 Illustration: Illustration: At the end of year 1, independent appraisers determine that the asset has a fair value of $850,000. To report the plant assets at fair value, Pernice makes the following entry. Accumulated depreciation 200,000 Plant assets150,000 Revaluation of Plant Assets SO 4 Describe the procedure for revising periodic depreciation. Revaluation surplus is an example of an item reported as other comprehensive income, as discussed in Chapter 5. Revaluation surplus50,000

Slide 9-40 Pernice now reports the following information in its statement of financial position at the end of year 1. Revaluation of Plant Assets SO 4 Describe the procedure for revising periodic depreciation. $850,000 is the new basis of the asset. Pernice reports depreciation expense of $200,000 in the income statement and $50,000 in other comprehensive income. Depreciation in year 2 will be $212,500 ($850,000 / 4). Illustration 9-18

Slide 9-41 Ordinary Repairs - expenditures to maintain the operating efficiency and productive life of the unit. Debit - Repair (or Maintenance) Expense. Referred to as revenue expenditures. Expenditures During Useful Life SO 5 Distinguish between revenue and capital expenditures, and explain the entries for each. Additions and Improvements - costs incurred to increase the operating efficiency, productive capacity, or useful life of a plant asset. Debit - the plant asset affected. Referred to as capital expenditures.

Slide 9-42 Companies dispose of plant assets in three ways — Retirement, Sale, or Exchange (appendix). Plant Asset Disposals SO 6 Explain how to account for the disposal of a plant asset. Illustration 9-19 Record depreciation up to the date of disposal. Eliminate asset by (1) debiting Accumulated Depreciation, and (2) crediting the asset account.

Slide 9-43 Illustration: Illustration: Assume that Hobart Enterprises retires its computer printers, which cost $32,000. The accumulated depreciation on these printers is $32,000. The journal entry to record this retirement is: Plant Asset Disposals - Retirement SO 6 Explain how to account for the disposal of a plant asset. Accumulated depreciation32,000 Printing equipment32,000 Question: What happens if a fully depreciated plant asset is still useful to the company? Retirement of Plant Assets

Slide 9-44 Illustration: Illustration: Assume that Sunset Company discards delivery equipment that cost $18,000 and has accumulated depreciation of $14,000. The journal entry is: Plant Asset Disposals - Retirement SO 6 Explain how to account for the disposal of a plant asset. Accumulated depreciation14,000 Loss on disposal4,000 Companies report a loss on disposal in the “Other income and expense” section of the income statement. Delivery equipment18,000

Slide 9-45 Sale of Plant Assets Compare the book value of the asset with the proceeds received from the sale. If proceeds exceed the book value, a gain on disposal occurs. If proceeds are less than the book value, a loss on disposal occurs. Plant Asset Disposals SO 6 Explain how to account for the disposal of a plant asset.

Slide 9-46 Illustration: Assume that on July 1, 2011, Wright Company sells office furniture for $16,000 cash. The office furniture originally cost $60,000. As of January 1, 2011, it had accumulated depreciation of $41,000. Depreciation for the first six months of 2011 is $8,000. Prepare the journal entry to record depreciation expense up to the date of sale. SO 6 Explain how to account for the disposal of a plant asset. Plant Asset Disposals - Sale Depreciation expense8,000 Accumulated depreciation 8,000 Gain on Disposal

Slide 9-47 Illustration: Wright records the sale as follows. SO 6 Explain how to account for the disposal of a plant asset. Plant Asset Disposals - Sale Cash16,000 Accumulated depreciation 49,000 Illustration 9-20 Computation of gain on disposal Office equipment60,000 Gain on disposal 5,000 July 1

Slide 9-48 Illustration: Assume that instead of selling the office furniture for $16,000, Wright sells it for $9,000. SO 6 Explain how to account for the disposal of a plant asset. Plant Asset Disposals - Sale Loss on Disposal Cash9,000 Accumulated depreciation 49,000 Office equipment60,000 Loss on disposal 5,000 July 1 Illustration 9-21 Computation of loss on disposal

Slide 9-49 Natural resources consist of standing timber and resources extracted from the ground, such as oil, gas, and minerals. Standing timber is considered a biological asset under IFRS. In the years before they are harvested, the recorded value of biological assets is adjusted to fair value each period. Section 2 – Natural Resources SO 7 Compute periodic depletion of extractable natural resources.

Slide 9-50 Depletion is to natural resources as depreciation is to plant assets. Companies generally use units-of-activity method. Depletion generally is a function of the units extracted. IFRS defines extractive industries as those businesses involved in finding and removing natural resources located in or near the earth’s crust. Cost - price needed to acquire the resource and prepare it for its intended use. Depletion - allocation of the cost to expense in a rational and systematic manner over the resource’s useful life. Section 2 – Natural Resources SO 7 Compute periodic depletion of extractable natural resources.

Slide 9-51 Illustration: Assume that Lane Coal Company invests $5 million in a mine estimated to have 10 million tons of coal and no salvage value. In the first year, Lane extracts and sells 800,000 tons of coal. Lane computes the depletion expense as follows: Section 2 – Natural Resources $5,000,000 ÷ 10,000,000 = $.50 depletion cost per ton $.50 x 800,000 = $400,000 depletion expense Depletion expense400,000 Accumulated depletion 400,000 Journal entry: SO 7 Compute periodic depletion of extractable natural resources.

Slide 9-52 Financial Statement Presentation Illustration 9-23 Statement presentation of accumulated depletion Extracted resources that have not been sold are reported as inventory in the current assets section. SO 7 Compute periodic depletion of extractable natural resources.

Slide 9-53 Intangible assets are rights, privileges, and competitive advantages that do not possess physical substance. Section 3 – Intangible Assets Patents Copyrights Franchises or licenses Intangible assets are categorized as having either a limited life or an indefinite life. Common types of intangibles: SO 8 Explain the basic issues related to accounting for intangible assets. Trademarks and trade names Goodwill IFRS permits revaluation of intangible assets to fair value, except for goodwill.

Slide 9-54 Patents Exclusive right to manufacture, sell, or otherwise control an invention for a specified number of years from the date of the grant. Legal life in many countries is 20 years. Capitalize costs of purchasing a patent and amortize over its legal life or its useful life, whichever is shorter. Legal fees incurred successfully defending a patent are capitalized to Patent account. Types of Intangible Assets SO 8 Explain the basic issues related to accounting for intangible assets.

Slide 9-55 Intangible assets are typically amortized on a straight-line basis. Illustration: Assume that National Labs purchases a patent at a cost of $60,000. National estimates the useful life of the patent to be eight years. National records the annual amortization as follows. Accounting for Intangible Assets SO 8 Explain the basic issues related to accounting for intangible assets. Amortization expense 7,500 Patent 7,500

Slide 9-56 Copyrights Give the owner the exclusive right to reproduce and sell an artistic or published work.  plays, literary works, musical works, pictures, photographs, and video and audiovisual material. Granted for the life of the creator plus a specified number of years, which can vary by country but is commonly 70 years. Capitalize costs of acquiring and defending it. Amortized to expense over useful life. Accounting for Intangible Assets SO 8 Explain the basic issues related to accounting for intangible assets.

Slide 9-57 Trademarks and Trade Names Word, phrase, jingle, or symbol that identifies a particular enterprise or product.  Wheaties, Game Boy, Frappuccino, Kleenex, Windows, Coca-Cola, and Jetta. Registration provides a specified number of years of protection, which can vary by country, but is commonly 20 years. Capitalize acquisition costs. Renewed indefinitely, no amortization. Accounting for Intangible Assets SO 8 Explain the basic issues related to accounting for intangible assets.

Slide 9-58 Franchises and Licenses Contractual arrangement between a franchisor and a franchisee.  BP (GBR), Taco Bell (USA), or Rent-A-Wreck (USA) are franchises. Franchise (or license) with a limited life should be amortized to expense over the life of the franchise. Franchise with an indefinite life should be carried at cost and not amortized. Accounting for Intangible Assets SO 8 Explain the basic issues related to accounting for intangible assets.

Slide 9-59 Goodwill Includes exceptional management, desirable location, good customer relations, skilled employees, high-quality products, etc. Only recorded when an entire business is purchased. Goodwill is recorded as the excess of... over purchase price over the fair value of the identifiable net assets acquired. Internally created goodwill should not be capitalized. Accounting for Intangible Assets SO 8 Explain the basic issues related to accounting for intangible assets.

Slide 9-60 Answer on notes page

Slide 9-61 Research and Development Costs Frequently results in something that a company patents or copyrights such as: new product, process, idea, formula, composition, or literary work.  Costs in the research phase are always expensed as incurred.  Costs in the development phase are expensed until specific criteria are met, primarily that technological feasibility is achieved. SO 8 Explain the basic issues related to accounting for intangible assets.

Slide 9-62 Presentation Statement Presentation and Analysis SO 9 Indicate how plant assets, natural resources, and intangible assets are reported. Illustration 9-24

Slide 9-63 Analysis Each dollar invested in assets produced in sales. If a company is using its assets efficiently, each investment in assets will create a high amount of sales. Statement Presentation and Analysis SO 9 Indicate how plant assets, natural resources, and intangible assets are reported. Illustration 9-25

Slide 9-64 As in IFRS, under GAAP, the costs associated with research and development are segregated into the two components. Costs in the research phase are always expensed under both IFRS and GAAP. Under GAAP, however, costs in the development phase are also always expensed. As shown in this chapter, under IFRS, development costs can be capitalized once technological feasibility is achieved. IFRS permits revaluation of intangible assets (except for goodwill). GAAP prohibits revaluations of intangible assets. GAAP does not require component depreciation. Understanding U.S. GAAP Key Differences Plant Assets, Natural Resources, and Intangible Assets

Slide 9-65 GAAP does not permit the use of revaluation accounting for property, plant, and equipment, which is allowed under IFRS. Under both GAAP and IFRS, changes in the depreciation method used and changes in useful life are handled in current and future periods. Prior periods are not affected. GAAP recently conformed to IFRS in the accounting for changes in depreciation methods. Understanding U.S. GAAP Key Differences Plant Assets, Natural Resources, and Intangible Assets

Slide 9-66 IFRS allows reversal of impairment losses when there has been a change in economic conditions or in the expected use of the asset. Under GAAP, impairment losses cannot be reversed for assets to be held and used; the impairment loss results in a new cost basis for the asset. IFRS and GAAP are similar in the accounting for impairments of assets held for disposal. The accounting for exchanges of non-monetary assets has recently converged between IFRS and GAAP. Understanding U.S. GAAP Key Differences Plant Assets, Natural Resources, and Intangible Assets

Slide 9-67 Looking to the Future Understanding U.S. GAAP It is too early to say whether a converged conceptual framework will recommend fair value measurement (and revaluation accounting) for plant assets and intangibles. However, this is likely to be one of the more contentious issues, given the long-standing use of historical cost as a measurement basis in GAAP. The IASB and FASB have identified a project that would consider expanded recognition of internally generated intangible assets. IFRS permits more recognition of intangibles compared to GAAP. Thus, it will be challenging to develop converged standards for intangible assets, given the long-standing prohibition on capitalizing internally generated intangible assets and research and development in GAAP. Plant Assets, Natural Resources, and Intangible Assets

Slide 9-68 Ordinarily, companies record a gain or loss on the exchange of plant assets. The rationale for recognizing a gain or loss is that most exchanges have commercial substance. An exchange has commercial substance if the future cash flows change as a result of the exchange. Exchange of Plant Assets SO 10 Explain how to account for the exchange of plant assets. Appendix

Slide 9-69 Cost of old trucks$64,000 Less: Accumulated depreciation 22,000 Book value42,000 Fair value of old trucks 26,000 Loss on disposal$16,000 Fair value of old trucks$26,000 Cash paid 17,000 Cost of new semi-truck$43,000 Illustration: Roland Co. exchanged old trucks (cost $64,000 less $22,000 accumulated depreciation) plus cash of $17,000 for a new semi-truck. The old trucks had a fair value of $26,000. SO 10 Explain how to account for the exchange of plant assets. Exchange of Plant Assets Loss Treatment

Slide 9-70 Illustration: Roland Co. exchanged old trucks (cost $64,000 less $22,000 accumulated depreciation) plus cash of $17,000 for a new semi-truck. The old trucks had a fair market value of $26,000. Prepare the entry to record the exchange of assets by Roland Co. SO 10 Explain how to account for the exchange of plant assets. Exchange of Plant Assets Semi-truck 43,000 Accumulated depreciation 22,000 Loss on disposal 16,000 Used trucks64,000 Cash 17,000

Slide 9-71 Illustration: Mark Express Delivery trades its old delivery equipment (cost $40,000 less $28,000 accumulated depreciation) for new delivery equipment. The old equipment had a fair value of $19,000. Mark also paid $3,000. SO 10 Explain how to account for the exchange of plant assets. Exchange of Plant Assets Cost of old equipment$40,000 Less: Accumulated depreciation 28,000 Book value12,000 Fair value of old equipment 19,000 Gain on disposal$ 7,000 Fair value of old equipment$19,000 Cash paid 3,000 Cost of new equipment$22,000 Gain Treatment

Slide 9-72 Illustration: Mark Express Delivery trades its old delivery equipment (cost $40,000 less $28,000 accumulated depreciation) for new delivery equipment. The old equipment had a fair value of $19,000. Mark also paid $3,000. Prepare the entry to record the exchange of assets by Mark Express. SO 10 Explain how to account for the exchange of plant assets. Exchange of Plant Assets Delivery equipment (new) 22,000 Accumulated depreciation 28,000 Delivery equipment (used) 40,000 Gain on disposal7,000 Cash 3,000

Slide 9-73 In exchanges of assets in which the exchange has commercial substance: a. neither gains nor losses are recognized immediately. b. gains, but not losses, are recognized immediately. c. losses, but not gains, are recognized immediately. d. both gains and losses are recognized immediately. Review Question SO 10 Explain how to account for the exchange of plant assets. Exchange of Plant Assets

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