FracPac Conductivity Logic Why Not Denser Proppants?

Side View of Frac Attempt to create a frac of length L f to stimulate productivity. Net Pay LfLf

Top View of Frac Created width is proportional to net pressure increase. Net pressure increase is independent of proppant selection. The proppant is used to fill the created fracture. Created fracture width and proppant selection determines conductivity. Width LfLf Effective fracture half-length is a function of dimensionless conductivity (eff L f = wk f /31.4k). Therefore stimulation effectiveness is proportional to conductivity. Can proppant selection change stimulation effectiveness?

Comparison of Conductivities Closure Stress psi 20/40 LW Ceramic 12.0 lb/sq ft-200˚F 20/40 InterProp ® 12.0 lb/sq ft-200˚F 20/40 Sintered Bauxite 12.0 lb/sq ft-200˚F 2,00036,99536,67238,795 4,00030,56831,19532,527 6,00021,84823,18827,194 8,00013,34918,29221,688 10,0008,22514,61015,693 12,0004,37110,71811,175 Median Diameter (mm) Actual Width CONDUCTIVITY (md-ft)

Comparison of Conductivities Closure Stress (psi) 20/40 LW Ceramic 12.0 lb/sq ft- 200˚F 20/40 InterProp ® 12.0 lb/sq ft- 200˚F 20/40 Sintered Bauxite 12.0 lb/sq ft- 200˚F 2,00036,99536,67238,795 4,00030,56831,19532,527 6,00021,84823,18827,194 8,00013,34918,29221,688 10,0008,22514,61015,693 12,0004,37110,71811,175 Median Diameter (mm) Actual Width CONDUCTIVITY (md-ft) Proppant conductivities at consistent concentrations indicate that more dense/higher strength proppants have significantly higher conductivities only at stresses above 6,000 psi. Actual width shown at the bottom of the chart is for 4,000 psi closure, indicating that there is substantially more width required to hold 12#/ft 2 of lightweight proppant versus more dense proppant. If we hold the created width constant and then look at conductivity achieved, we will get a true comparison of conductivity.

True Comparison of Conductivities Closure Stress psi 20/40 LW Ceramic 12.0 lb/sq ft-200˚F 20/40 InterProp ® 14.9 lb/sq ft-200˚F 20/40 Sintered Bauxite 15.4 lb/sq ft-200˚F 2,00036,99545,67750,033 4,00030,56838,85441,949 6,00021,84828,88235,071 8,00013,34922,78427,970 10,0008,22518,19820,238 12,0004,37113,34914,413 Median Diameter (mm) Actual Width Beta (atm^2/g) CONDUCTIVITY (md-ft)

True Comparison of Conductivities Closure Stress psi 20/40 LW Ceramic 12.0lb/sqft-200˚F 20/40 InterProp ® 14.9lb/sqft-200˚F 20/40 Sintered Bauxite 15.4lb/sqft-200˚F 2,00036,99545,67750,033 4,00030,56838,85441,949 6,00021,84828,88235,071 8,00013,34922,78427,970 10,0008,22518,19820,238 12,0004,37113,34914,413 Median Dia. (mm) Actual Width Beta (atm2/g) CONDUCTIVITY (md-ft) When we compare conductivities for equal widths between the proppant types, we find that at 4,000 psi closure stress, InterProp has 27% more conductivity than EconoProp and Sintered Bauxite has 37% more conductivity than EconoProp.

True Comparison of Conductivities Closure Stress psi 20/40 LW Ceramic 12.0 lb/sq ft- 200˚F 20/40 InterProp ® 14.9 lb/sq ft-200˚F 20/40 Sintered Bauxite 15.4 lb/sq ft-200˚F 2,00036,99545,67750,033 4,00030,56838,85441,949 6,00021,84828,88235,071 8,00013,34922,78427,970 10,0008,22518,19820,238 12,0004,37113,34914,413 Median Diameter (mm) Actual Width Beta (atm^2/g) CONDUCTIVITY (md-ft) Beta factor for each of the more dense proppants is lower, significantly reducing the effects of non-Darcy flow, by 21% for InterProp and 30% for Sintered Bauxite.

Productivity Enhancement

Benefits Summary Denser proppants provide more conductivity for a created fracture width than lightweight proppants. With higher conductivity comes greater stimulation effectiveness and increased productivity. Beta factors are also significantly reduced using more dense proppants. Tight annular pack due to increased settling rate. Reduces the chance for void spaces above sump packer. Less susceptible to grain shifting and bed fluidization. Why not denser proppants for FracPac operations?