Origins- parent material; mixtures of eroded rock, mineral nutrients, decaying organic matter, and billons of living organisms (mostly decomposers)

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Presentation transcript:

Origins- parent material; mixtures of eroded rock, mineral nutrients, decaying organic matter, and billons of living organisms (mostly decomposers) Soil Horizons based on the type of material the horizons are composed of; these materials reflect the duration of the specific processes used in soil formation. They are described and classified by their color, size, texture, structure, consistency, root quantity, pH, voids, boundary characteristics, or concretions. O horizon = leaf litter, crop/animal waste; organic materials A horizon = topsoil; humus (decomposed organic matter with inorganic minerals); darker = more nutrients B horizon = subsoil; mostly inorganic, made of broken down rock; reddish color due to iron oxides and clay C horizon = unweathered parent rock, bedrock 4-6 SOILS Soil horizon development animation

Soil Profiles in Different Biomes Mosaic of closely packed pebbles, boulders Weak humus- mineral mixture Dry, brown to reddish-brown, with variable accumulations of clay, calcium carbonate, and soluble salts Desert Soil (hot, dry climate) Grassland Soil (semiarid climate) Alkaline, dark, and rich in humus Clay, calcium compounds

Tropical Rain Forest Soil (humid, tropical climate) Acidic light- colored humus Iron and aluminum compounds mixed with clay Forest litter Leaf and mold Humus-mineral mixture Light, grayish- brown, silt loam Dark brown firm clay Tropical Rain Forest Soil (humid, tropical climate) Deciduous Forest Soil (humid, mild climate) Coniferous Forest Soil (humid, cold climate) Acidic litter and humus Light colored and acidic Humus with iron and aluminum compounds

Soil porosity and permeability Soil porosity refers to that part of a soil volume that is not occupied by soil particles or organic matter. Pore spaces are filled with either air, other gases, or water. Large pores (macropores) allow the ready movement of air and the drainage of water. Soil permeability- rate at which water and air move from upper to lower layers LOAM= between silt and clay (inorganic); crumbly, spongy texture; excellent for plant growth Permeability ANIMATION

Soil types